多耐药肺炎克雷伯菌耐药基因的研究进展
多耐药肺炎克雷伯菌耐药基因的研究进展
本文将从耐药基因上阐述肺炎克雷伯菌的主要耐药机制,指导临床进行有效的抗感染治疗。
一种常见的机会性病原体:肺炎克雷伯菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)
一、多耐药表型肺炎克雷伯菌的
相关定义
MDR是指病原体对3类及3类以上抗菌药物同时耐药/不敏感,通常也称之为多重耐药。 XDR是指除1-2类抗菌药物外,几乎对所有类别抗菌药物不敏感。 PDR是指对目前临床应用的所有类别抗菌药物中的所有品种均不敏感。
1.头孢抗生素类耐药表型(其中临床最为关注的为三代头孢类抗生素耐药表型);2.碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药表型(是指针对如亚胺培南、美罗培南、厄他培南等抗生素耐药的表型);3.黏菌素类抗生素耐药表型(多指多黏菌素);4.喹诺酮类抗生素耐药表型(多指莫西沙星和左氧氟沙星);5.替加环素类抗生素耐药表型。
二、常见MDR表型肺炎克雷伯菌的
相关耐药分子基础
▌1.碳青霉烯酶(Carbapenemases)
三、从抗菌药物角度阐述耐药机制
四、MDR-hvKP的出现
第一,MDR-cKP获取外界重要毒力基因及其相关元件(比如质粒)继而呈现出高毒力多重耐药表型,这也是我国MDR-hvKP检出居多的主要原因;
第二,hvKP(多呈现多种抗菌药物敏感表型)获取多种耐药基因,从而进化成为MDR-hvKP,但通过此途径获取高毒力多耐药表型的情况似乎要远远低于第一种途径,可能受限于hvKP具有较厚的荚膜,阻止了其获取外界基因元件。 此外,领域内学者还报道了基于可移动遗传元件、质粒共获取等机制,进而进化成为MDR-hvKP的其他途径。
小结
综上所述,肺炎克雷伯菌较其他肠杆菌科、不动杆菌、假单胞菌具有较强的基因可塑性(即获取外界基因元件的能力强),其可在宿主内/宿主间进化中获取多种耐药/毒力基因元件,进而呈现高毒力多重耐药表型,可能对公共卫生造成重大挑战。因此,在临床实践中,我们需要不断优化抗生素的应用,加强主动监测并提早采取院感防控措施,为感染性疾病的诊治提供保障。
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