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Science︱重磅!抑制PARPA-1激活可阻止帕金森病中多巴胺能神经元退化的新机制的阐明

LTNeurosci 逻辑神经科学 2019-06-30

AuthorshipLTNeurosci

Responding EditorLTNeurosci

Handwriting of a person affected by PD. 

Credit: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease

帕金森病(Parkinson's Disease, PD)属于第二大最常见的神经退行性疾病。在PD中,突变的SNCA基因编码α-突触核蛋白(即a-synuclein,下文皆简称α-syn)。而产生的病理性α-syn则会在细胞内形成蛋白聚集物,继而引发神经系统的神经功能障碍,蛋白聚集物最终会沉积在路易体和神经突中【1】

PD的临床特征可以概况为运动症状和非运动症状。黑质致密部多巴胺能神经元的缺失和营养不良纹状体的投射是PD的主要运动症状,包括静止性震颤、运动缓慢、僵硬以及术后不稳定等;而非运行症状则主要是受病理性α-syn影响而引起的其他神经系统症状,比如焦虑、抑郁、睡眠障碍、自主功能障碍、便秘和认知障碍等【2-3】

在PD发病过程中,单分子的α-syn不断聚集,逐渐形成高度有序的结构,最终呈现出病理特性,诱发神经细胞的死亡。此外,病理性的α-syn可以从一个细胞扩散到另一个细胞,结果造成了PD病发及其恶化【4】

那么具体是什么原因导致了病理性α-syn的异常聚集?由病理性α-syn的激活而造成的细胞损伤和死亡的具体机制又是怎样的呢?

在之前的诸多研究中,已发现PARP即poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase,聚ADP-核糖聚合酶的简称)的激活会催化NAD+裂解为烟酰胺和ADP-核糖聚合体。同时发现,PARP的激活,会导致细胞死亡、诱发炎症;也是其他各类非肿瘤性疾病的致病因素,包括神经疾病、各种形式的重病、再灌注损伤及血管性疾病等。此外,PARP抑制剂是一种新型的抗癌药物(Fig.1)【5-6】

而且,Csaba Szabo(美国德克萨斯大学医学分院)及Ted M. Dawson(美国约翰霍普金斯大学医学院)等人也分析认为PARPA-1(即poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1)和PAR(即poly (ADP-ribose))在与神经系统疾病相关的细胞死亡中起着重要作用。而PAR可以直接结合到重组α-syn纤维化结构上,并使其转变成为高致病性原纤维(Fig.1)【5-6】

Fig. 1 Mitochondrial-regulated cell death. Key players in apoptosis (left) and parthanatos (right) are highlighted.【6】

另外,也有研究表明,重组α-syn可以在体外聚合形成与体内原纤维类似的结构,而且这些α-syn PFFs(即α-syn preformed fibrils)可以以朊病毒样方式(prion-like manner)进行传播,也就是说,在体外神经细胞培养和体内注入小鼠大脑时,会伴随着α-syn丝氨酸129位点的磷酸化,而该位点标志着α-syn的病理和神经毒性【7-8】

2018年11月2日,来自(美国)约翰霍普金斯大学医学院、美国)Adrienne Helis Malvin医学研究基金会、(中国)上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院、(加拿大)拉瓦尔大学(Laval University)医学院以及(美国)克利夫兰医学中心的联合团队,将他们的一项突破性研究成果以Poly (ADP-ribose) drives pathologic α-synuclein neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease为题发表在Science(IF=41.058)【4】

该研究表明:病理性的α-syn会激活PARP1,并且PAR的生成会加速病理性α-syn的形成,最终以一种最新发现的细胞死亡方式——“parthanatos”——致使细胞死亡。因此,抑制PARP-1激活有望成为阻止PD中多巴胺能神经元丢失和预防与α-突触核蛋白相关疾病的一种新的疾病治疗策略,此外,对PD患者脑脊液中PAR水平的评估也可以作为治疗这些疾病的物标记物(Fig. 2-3)【4, 9】(注:Parthanatos,即PARP-1依赖性细胞死亡,与凋亡和坏死有一些相同的细胞学和形态学特征,但也存在明显的区别。与凋亡相比,Parthanatos不能形成凋亡小体和小片段的DNA碎片;与坏死相比,Parthanatos不能诱导细胞膨胀【10】

Fig. 2 Vicious cycle of PARP activity in PD. PARP1 produces PAR, which accelerates the fibrillization of ɑ-synuclein and triggers parthanatos, a PARP-dependent form of cell death. This may contribute to the progressive neurodegeneration observed in PD.【9】

Fig.3  The addition of PAR (right) accelerates pathogenic ɑ-synuclein fibrillization.【9】

在此项研究中,Tae-In Kam及Xiaobo Mao等人以重组α-syn PFFs(recombinant α-synuclein preformed fibrils(PFF))在体外和体内模拟病理性的α-syn。首先,他们研究了能促进和驱动由α-syn PFF介导的神经元死亡的细胞死亡通路。发现病理性的α-syn会激活一氧化氮合成酶(nitricoxidesynthase,NOS),使DNA受损、并活化PARP-1,进而导致细胞以parthanatos方式而致死(Fig. 4-5)

Fig.4  ɑ-Syn PFF induces parthanatos in neurons.

Fig.5  Increased NO levels and damaged DNA by ɑ-syn PFF

紧接着,研究者们发现α-Syn PFF主要是通过parthanatos途径而杀死神经细胞的。原因在于细胞坏死性凋亡和自噬性抑制对α-Syn PFF的神经毒性并没有影响,然而,抑制半胱氨酸蛋白酶则会对神经元起到适度的保护作用(Fig. 6)

Fig.6  α-syn PFF induced neurotoxicity is dependent on PARP-1.

此外,研究者们对C57BL/6 WT和PARP-1 KO小鼠的皮质神经元进行了PARP抑制剂治疗,以及PARP-1定点缺失突变。结果表明,在原代神经元培养中,病理性α-syn在神经元之间的传递以及其伴随的病理和神经毒性都会被完全消减。换言之,PARP抑制或PARP-1缺失可显著阻止α-Syn PFF诱导的多巴胺能神经元的丢失以及小鼠体内生化及行为缺陷(Fig. 7-8)

Fig. 7  ɑ-Syn PFF–induced pathology is reduced by deletion of PAPR-1 or a PARP inhibitor, ABT-888, in vivo.

Fig.8 PAR accelerates α-syn fibrillization in vitro.

研究也揭示出,由PARP-1激活而产生的PAR亦能与α-syn相结合,继而会加速α-syn的纤维化,也会使病理性的α-syn转化为更加错误折叠的致密形态,且其毒性增强了25倍(Fig. 9)

Fig. 9  PAR-α-syn PFF strains are more neurotoxic in vivo.

最后,与注射了α-syn PFF的小鼠相比较而言,PAR-修饰的α-syn PFF注射小鼠则表现出了加速疾病进展和表型的特征。此外,还发现两组PD患者脑脊液中的PAR水平升高了,这为parthanatos诱导神经细胞死亡可能参与到PD的发病机制提供了强有力的证据(Fig. 10)

Fig.10  Increase of PAR levels in CSF of patients with PD.

总的来说,Tae-In Kam等人阐明了PARP-1的激活和PAR的产生是α-syn毒性和传播的关键介质parthanatos的激活是导致α-syn神经变性的主要原因对PARP的抑制和PARP-1的缺失实质上减少了由病理性α-syn传递而引发的病理

在前馈循环(feed-forward loop)中,PAR将病理性的α-syn转化为了一种毒性更强的状态,并且在体外和体内试验中皆观察到了神经毒性被增强同时,研究发现PD患者脑脊液和大脑中的PAR水平上调了,这与PARP-1激活参与到PD发病机制的观点是相一致的

因此,抑制PARP-1激活的策略有望成为一种新的疾病修饰疗法,以阻止PD中多巴胺能神经元丢失、预防与α-突触核蛋白相关疾病。并且,对脑脊液中PAR水平的评估可以作为治疗此类疾病的治疗诊断学生物标记物(theranostic biomarker)

补充阅读

【1】Nature Communications:LRRK2激酶调控α-核突触蛋白的积累,可作为治疗帕金森的药物靶标

【2】Nature:前沿!Parkin/PINK1可缓解由STING诱发的炎症,线粒体自噬新模型或可挽救PD

【3】Sci. Transl. Med. 前瞻性综述:前沿!寻找帕金森病的有用生物标记物

【4】Science Advances:染色体 22q11.2缺失小鼠模型中:帕金森病、精神分裂症的分子学及行为学特征

【5】The Lancet Neurology:十年研究+首次!家族性PD和路易体痴呆致病新基因LRP10的发现

通讯作者Dr. Ted Dawson 和 Dr. Valina Dawson简介

Ted M. Dawson, M.D., Ph.D.

Director, Institute for Cell Engineering

Professor of Neurology

Email: tdawson@jhmi.edu

Expertise: Neurology, Parkinson's Disease

Research Interests: Neuronal Survival and Cell Death; Molecular and Cellular Signals Controlling Neurodegeneration

The Ted Dawson lab studies molecular mechanisms of neurodegeneration of Parkinson’s disease, nitric oxide signaling and neuronal cell death and neuroprotective and neurorestorative strategies in neurodegenerative diseases, stroke and trauma.

Parkinson’s disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder and the Dawson lab is studying the genetic basis of PD by investigating the mechanisms by which mutations in familial-linked genes cause PD, with hopes of identifying potential therapeutic targets for developing PD treatments. Current projects include the study of alpha-synuclein, LRRK2, parkin and PINK1.

Nitric oxide is a major player in neuronal cell death and the Dawson team has discovered parthanatos, a caspase-independent programmed cell death pathway involving apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) downstream of NO and its major target poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). The team now is further characterizing that pathway to identify targets of AIF and the roles of other cell death effectors with the hope of identifying new signaling pathways that might be amenable to therapeutic intervention. NO also activates the Ras-cell survival signaling pathway and the team is characterizing novel cell survival genes targeted by this pathway.

(More detail profile: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/profiles/results/directory/profile/0005749/ted-dawson#)

Valina L. Dawson, Ph.D.

Director, Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering,

Professor of Neurology

Email: vdawson1@jhmi.edu (V.L.D.)

Technology Expertise: Neuronal cell death, Neuronal cell survival, Parkinson's disease, Neuronal stem cell development

Research Interests: Neuronal cell death; Parkinson's disease; Neuronal stem cell development; Neuronal cell survival

The Valina Dawson lab studies neuronal cell death and survival, the molecular underpinnings of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and the development of neuronal stem cells. The lab has named a new cell death process Parthanatos. In the brain, Parthanatos is important in ischemic and excitotoxic injury and in models of Parkinson’s disease. The cell death mechanism involves nuclear activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and mitochondrial release of apoptosis inducing factor in the integration of the death signal; current research aims to further understand how this pathway works. In addition to cell death, the team also strives to understand how cells survive by characterizing survival genes and proteins involved in preconditioning. The team uses induced pluripotent stem cells to identify pharmaceutical agents that might be used therapeutically to protect the brain.

To understand the role of LRRK2 in the function and dysfunction of neurons and in Parkinson’s disease, the team has generated LRRK2 knockout mice and LRRK2 transgenic mice and human dopaminergic cultures from reprogrammed patient fibroblasts to identify and characterize the interaction of LRRK2 and its protein targets through state-of-the art protein biochemistry with the hope of finding new strategies to treat PD.

(More detail profile: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/profiles/results/directory/profile/3168053/valina-dawson/#)

文献参考

【1】M. Baba et al., Aggregation of a-synuclein in Lewy bodies of sporadic Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Am. J. Pathol. 152, 879–884 (1998).

【2】Marialuisa Quadri, et. al. LRP10 genetic variants in familial Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies: a genome-wide linkage and sequencing study. The Lancet Neuro17: 597-608 (2018).

【3】Obeso JA, Stamelou M, Goetz CG, et al. Past, present, and future of Parkinson’s disease: a special essay on the 200th anniversary of the shaking palsy. Mov Disord. 32: 1264–310 (2017).

【4】T.-I. Kam et al., Poly (ADP-ribose) drives pathologic α-synuclein neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease. Science. 362, eaat8407 (2018). DOI: 10.1126/science.aat8407.

【5】N. A. Berger et al., Opportunities for the repurposing of PARP inhibitors for the therapy of non-oncological diseases. Br. J.Pharmacol. 175, 192–222 (2018).

【6】T. M. Dawson, V. L. Dawson, Mitochondrial mechanisms of neuronal cell death: Potential therapeutics. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 57, 437–454 (2017).

【7】L. A. Volpicelli-Daley et al., Exogenous a-synuclein fibrils induce Lewy body pathology leading to synaptic dysfunction and neuron death. Neuron 72, 57–71 (2011).

【8】H. Fujiwara et al., a-Synuclein is phosphorylated in synucleinopathy lesions. Nat. Cell Biol. 4, 160–164 (2002).

【9】Patrik Brundin and Richard Wyse. Cancer enzyme affects Parkinson’s disease. Science. 362,521-522 (2018). DOI: 10.1126/science.aav3986.

【10】Harraz M M, Dawson T M, Dawson V L. Advances in neuronal cell death 2007. Stroke39: 286-288 (2008).


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