期刊导航 | Urban Studies文章精选(84-87)

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Light at the end of the tunnel: The impacts of expected major transport improvements on residential property prices

隧道尽头的灯光：预期重大交通改善对住宅房产价格的影响

Helen XH Bao（英国剑桥大学）

Johan P Larsson（英国剑桥大学）

Vivien Wong（英国剑桥大学）

首次出版时间：2020/12/1｜评论文章

Abstract: Properties near public transportation systems are usually sold at a premium owing to the willingness of firms and people to pay for access to workplace and leisure. However, the economic impact of major infrastructure investments remains an empirical question plagued by identification issues. We investigate the economic impacts of a major transportation development project currently underconstruction in Hong Kong: the Tuen Mun–Chek Lap Kok tunnel, namely the effects on property prices of the expansion of the regional road network in the Greater Bay Area. We identify a significant accessibility premium well before the tunnel is completed. There is also a change in market structure of increased preference for residential property in areas closer to the tunnel, reflected by higher price appreciation. The findings help guide urban planning and public investment decisions, as well as the design and implementation of land value capture policy.

摘要：由于公司和个人愿意为临近工作场所和休闲场所付费，公共交通系统附近的物业通常有一个溢价。然而，重大基础设施投资的经济影响仍然是一个经验问题，受到各种识别的困扰。我们研究香港目前正在兴建的一项大型交通发展项目——屯门至赤腊角隧道的经济影响，即大湾区区域道路网络扩展对物业价格的影响。早在隧道竣工之前，我们就发现了显著的便利溢价。市场结构也发生了变化，人们更加青睐靠近隧道地段的住宅，导致这些住宅升值更快。研究结果有助于指导城市规划和公共投资决策，以及土地价值获取政策的设计和实施。

Keywords: Greater Bay Area, hedonic price models, housing, land use, planning, real estate, transport

关键词：大湾区, 特征价格模型, 住房, 土地使用, 规划, 房地产, 交通

原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098020967308

Planetary Silicon Valley: Deconstructing New York’s innovation complex

全球硅谷：解构纽约的创新综合体

Sharon Zukin（美国布鲁克林学院和城市大学研究生中心） 

首次出版时间：2020/9/3｜评论文章

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the use of digital platforms and software for operating remotely and encouraged employers to reshape the workplace for social distancing. But it is not at all clear what these arrangements will mean for cities that have spent the past decade building an ‘innovation complex’ around physical density, digital technology and real estate development. On the one hand, many parts of the tech ecosystem that relied on face-to-face interaction – such as coworking spaces, hackathons and venture capitalists’ mentoring of start-up founders – have already moved online. On the other hand, cutting tech ecosystems loose from place-based offices, labour markets and institutional networks puts cities’ economic future at risk. This could drastically weaken the value of the city’s fixed capital of buildings and land, its social capital of institutional networks and communities, and its human capital of workers with tech skills. Yet partnering with tech leaders to ‘reimagine’ the city could advance the power of Big Tech. To try to understand which parts of the urban tech ecosystem will likely survive the pandemic, I take a critical look at how the discursive, organisational and geographical spaces of a planetary Silicon Valley culture became embedded in New York between 2010 and 2020.

摘要：新冠病毒（COVID-19）大流行加速了远程操作数字平台和软件的使用，并鼓励雇主重塑工作场所以保持社交距离。但我们一无所知的是，这些安排对那些在过去十年围绕物理密度、数字技术和房地产开发建设了“创新综合体”的城市来说将意味着什么。一方面，依赖面对面互动的科技生态系统的许多部分（如合作空间、黑客马拉松和风险投资者对初创企业创始人的指导）已经转移到了网上。另一方面，将科技生态系统从基于地方的办公室、劳动力市场和机构网络中剥离出来，会给城市的经济未来带来风险。这可能会极大地削弱城市建筑和土地固定资产、机构网络和社区社会资本、以及拥有技术技能的工人的人力资本的价值。然而，与科技领袖合作“重塑”城市可以提升大科技的力量。为了理解城市科技生态系统的哪些部分可能在这场大流行中幸存下来，我以批判的眼光审视了2010年至2020年间全球硅谷文化的话语、组织和地理空间是如何在纽约扎根的。

Keywords: innovation complex, innovation district, New York City, urban economic development, urbantech economy

关键词：创新综合体, 创新区, 纽约市, 城市经济发展, 城市科技经济

原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098020951421

Ancient and current resilience in the Chengdu Plain: Agropolitan development re-‘revisited’

成都平原在古时和现时的复原能力：农业都会开发的再讨论

Daniel B Abramson（美国华盛顿大学）

首次出版时间：2019/6/20｜研究论文

Abstract: The Dujiangyan irrigation system, China’s largest, is one of the world’s most important examples of sustainable agropolitan development, maintained by a relatively decentralised system of governance that minimises bureaucratic oversight and depends on significant local autonomy at many scales down to the household. At its historic core in the Chengdu Plain, the system has supported over 2000 years of near-continuously stable urban culture, as well as some of the world’s highest sustained long-term per-hectare productivity and diversity of grain and other crops, especially considering its high population density, forest cover, general biodiversity and flood management success. During the past decade, rapid urban expansion has turned the Chengdu Plain from a net grain exporter into a grain importer, and has radically transformed its productive functioning and distinctive scattered settlement pattern, reorganising much of the landscape into larger, corporately-managed farms, and more concentrated and infrastructure-intensive settlements of non-farming as well as farming households. Community-scale case studies of spatial-morphological and household socio-economic variants on the regional trend help to articulate what is at stake. Neither market-driven ‘laissez-faire’ rural development nor local state-driven spatial settlement consolidation and corporatisation of production seem to correlate well with important factors of resilience: landscape heterogeneity; crop diversity and food production; permaculture; and flexibility in household independence and choice of livelihood. Management of the irrigation system should be linked to community-based agricultural landscape preservation and productive dwelling, as sources of adaptive capacity crucial to the social-ecological resilience of the city-region, the nation and perhaps all humanity.

摘要：都江堰灌溉系统是中国最大的灌溉系统，也是世界上最重要的可持续农业都会开发的例子之一。其由一个相对分散的治理体系维持，最大限度地减少了官僚监督，并依赖下至家庭的、多个层面的重要地方自治。该系统位于成都平原的历史核心地带，已经支持了2000多年近乎持续稳定的城市文化，以及全球最高的长期持续每公顷生产力和粮食及其他作物的多样性。其中尤为突出的是其高人口密度、高森林覆盖率、总体生物多样性和成功的洪水管理。在过去十年中，快速的城市扩张使成都平原从粮食净出口地区转变为粮食进口地区，并从根本上改变了其生产功能和独特的分散定居模式，将大部分土地重组为更大的企业管理农场、以及密集度更高、基础设施更密集的非农业和农业家庭定居点。关于区域趋势的空间形态和家庭社会经济变体的社区层面案例研究有助于阐明利害攸关的问题。无论是市场驱动的“自由放任”式农村发展、还是地方政府驱动的空间定居点整合和生产公司化，似乎都不与以下重要的复原性因素良好关联：景观异质性；作物多样性和粮食生产；永续农业；家庭独立和生计选择方面的灵活性。灌溉系统的管理应与以社区为基础的农业景观保护和生产性居住联系起来，这些是对城市地区、国家乃至全人类的社会生态复原力至关重要的适应能力来源。

Keywords: agglomeration/urbanisation, agroecosystems, China, environment/sustainability, history/heritage/memory, land use, redevelopment/regeneration 

关键词：集聚/城市化, 农业生态系统, 中国, 环境/可持续性, 历史/遗产/记忆, 土地利用, 再开发/再生

原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019843020

Transformative urbanism and reproblematising land scarcity in Hong Kong

变革性的城市化与香港土地稀缺问题的再认识

Mee Kam Ng（香港中文大学）

首次出版时间：2018/12/5｜研究论文

Abstract: An ecological and humane urbanism is required to combat resource degradation and socio-economic polarisation. UN-Habitat’s New Urban Agenda calls for a paradigm shift to ‘leave no one, no place and no ecology behind’ through sustainable development. However, this article argues that a ‘sustainability fix’, while necessary, is insufficient to counter the hegemonic growth-orientated culture and it is important to re-embed economic activities in ethical socio-ecological relationships for people and place well-being. These require critical scholarship to reproblematise issues and present prescriptive approaches for resolving them. Reproblematisation of Hong Kong’s alleged land scarcity problem reveals a property-dominant urban-biased political economy that sustains a high land price policy through suppressing development of massive rural land resources, resulting in ecological and socio-spatial disparities. Reimagining the development of rural Hong Kong based on the principles of nature conservation and place-making for conviviality and human flourishing could be a potential pathway towards a transformative urbanism.

摘要：我们需要一种生态和人道的城市化来对抗资源退化和社会经济两极分化。联合国人居署的“新城市议程”要求通过可持续发展将范式转变为“不抛弃任何人、任何地方、任何生态”。然而，本文认为，“可持续性解决方案”虽然是必要的，但却不足以对抗以霸权增长为导向的文化，重要的是将经济活动重新嵌入符合道德的社会生态关系中，为人们和地方带来福祉。这需要批判性的学术研究来重设问题并提出解决问题的规范性方法。当我们重设香港所谓的土地稀缺问题，我们揭示出一个以房产为主导的城市偏见的政治经济体，它通过抑制大规模农村土地资源的开发来维持高地价政策，从而导致生态和社会空间的不平等。基于自然保护和地方营造的原则再思香港农村地区的发展以促进人类的共生和繁荣，这可能是实现变革性城市化的潜在途径。

Keywords: Hong Kong, land scarcity, reproblematisation, socio-environmental justice, transformative urbanism

关键词：香港, 土地稀缺, 问题重设, 社会环境正义, 变革性城市化

原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098018800399

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