(温馨提示:文章内含中文版本、英文版本,满足更多读者需求哟!)石家庄讯:以河北地质大学特聘教授季强博士为首席科学家的国际古人类研究团队宣布,他们于2021年6月25日在《The Innovation》杂志上以封面文章报道了中国东北哈尔滨市发现的中更新世古人类头骨化石的研究成果,正式将该古人类头骨化石命名为人属的一个新人种:龙人(Homo longi),为研究智人起源和人类演化提供了至关重要的证据。
数十万年前,多个人种同时存在于亚洲、欧洲和非洲。在中国,大荔人、金牛山人、华龙洞人等古人类化石表现出原始性状和进步性状镶嵌演化特征。这些古人类化石究竟是独立的人种,是属于直立人和智人之间的过渡类型,还是智人的原始类型,国际上长期以来一直存在激烈的争论。据报道,这件古人类头骨化石是在1933年修建哈尔滨市东江桥时被发现的。除下颌外,该头骨化石保存完整精美。由于当时不是正常的化石发掘,而且历经了漫长的岁月,导致化石的准确产出地点和层位已然不可详考。该科研团队开展了复杂的地球化学分析,包括稀土元素对比、锶同位素比值分析、X-射线荧光谱学分析、以及铀系法测年等。来自中国科学院的地化学者、科研团队成员葛俊逸博士说:“尽管现在的技术还不足以把这件头骨的产地和层位准确标定在地图上,但是所有的分析数据都表明这件头骨应该产自哈尔滨地区距今13万8千-30万9千年的陆相地层。”另一位团队成员、来自南京师范大学地化学者邵庆丰博士补充说:“我们现在非常确信,这件头骨化石至少有14万6千年”。河北地质大学的季强教授认为,这件古人类头骨化石搬运的距离并不远,可能产自哈尔滨市向西15km的范围内,那儿出露了一套中更新世地层:上荒山组。一般来说,古老的人类化石通常都会有一些原始特征,龙人的头骨也不例外。他具有长而低的脑颅,额骨不隆起,顶骨轮廓平缓,眉脊弯曲且异常粗壮。“哈尔滨发现的古人类头骨可以说是巨大的。在我们对比的数据库中,这件古人类头骨的很多测量值都是数一数二大的,脑容量约为1420毫升,完全落入现代人的范围”,来自伦敦自然历史博物馆的古人类学家、团队主研成员Chris Stringer博士这样说,“他有扁平而低矮的面颊骨骼,犬齿窝较浅,面部似乎也缩短了,并且缩到脑颅的下边,这些都是与智人相似的特征”。哈尔滨发现的古人类头骨十分巨大,非常特别,同时具有原始性状和进步性状的镶嵌演化特征。正因为如此,季强教授和团队的一些成员认为,应该以这件头骨为模式标本命名一个新人种。经再三斟酌,他们将其正式命名为“龙人”(Homo longi)。龙人的名称来源于地理名称“龙江”。古人类学家在研究古人类化石时通常会逐个地对比特征,或者使用基于“地标”的几何形态测量学方法来分析整体上的相似性。团队的成员决定采用演化生物学中更为广泛应用的系统分析方法来研究哈尔滨的头骨化石。系统分析通过一系列数学方法来建立具有分枝的树形图,用来表示来自共同祖先的不同物种或不同生物机体之间的演化关系和演化历史。多年来,河北地质大学客座教授、来自中国科学院的团队主研成员倪喜军教授一直致力于建立一个标准化的形态特征矩阵(MorphoBank Project 3385)。这个矩阵包含上千个离散和连续变量的特征,以及一百多个古人类的头骨和下颌化石。来自中国科学院的团队成员生物数学家张驰博士解释说:“基于这个矩阵,我们在超算系统上运行了多个算法程序,检验了数万亿次的分枝结构,找到了数学上最可能的拓扑结构作为反映人属演化的最佳模型。我们还利用数学模型估计了每个分枝事件的时间”。“我们首次把人属中几乎所有的主要分支放在一起分析”,倪喜军教授补充说,“通过把所有的化石作为时间校正点,可以看出人属的多样性分异时间比以前认为的更加古老”。我们的系统分析结果表明,哈尔滨发现龙人(新人种)以及大荔人、金牛山人、华龙洞人、夏河人等古人类化石同属于一个单独的演化支系,与我们智人有一个共同的祖先。“以往流行的观点认为尼安德特人是智人支系的姊妹群,但是我们的分析表明哈尔滨发现的古人类头骨化石和中国其他地区发现的一些古人类化石组成一个生活于东亚地区的第三支系,这个支系与智人的亲缘关系要比尼安德特人与智人的关系近得多”,Chris Stringer博士说。因此,哈尔滨发现的保存状态极佳的古人类头骨化石为研究人属的演化提供了新的线索。“这件古人类头骨化石的测年时代为中更新世,表明他与智人、尼安德特人以及谜团似的的丹尼索瓦人支系是同期演化的”,Chris Stringer博士补充说。龙人作为与智人、尼安德特人、丹尼索瓦人同期演化的一个新的人类支系的代表,并不支持智人的本地连续演化模型,因为龙人这个支系具有他自己的特征组合,并不是向现代人发展的过渡类型。针对化石年龄校正的人属系统树,该研究团队检验了18个生物地理模型,结果并不支持单向的“走出非洲“模型。事实上,多方向的“穿梭扩散模型”可以更好地解释非洲、欧州和亚洲之间人属成员的复杂系统关系。“数十万年前,多个古人类支系尽管都处于较小的孤立种群的状态,但可能都具有很强的扩散能力”,倪喜军教授推测说,“与非洲和欧洲相比,亚洲可能是适合人属诸种和种群生存发展的一个‘人汇’之地,更多的接收了来自于非洲和欧洲的人类扩散,要比扩散到欧洲和非洲的数量多得多。从沙漠到雨林,从沿海平原到青藏高原,亚洲多样性很高的古地理环境,也许是在人类演化过程中以生物地理之优势形成‘人汇’之地的主要原因”。“人类的演化模型明显不同于其他生物的演化模型,人种越来越少但种群却越来越大,结果全球现在只有一个人种,那就是智人”,季强教授说,“各时期人类每次都从非洲走出来的单一模型是不可取。由于古人类化石非常稀少,只是目前还没有完全搞明白而已。龙人的发现为我们开了个好头,我期待着在东亚地区,更加期待在中国境内发现龙人与智人的共同祖先,以推动国际智人起源研究。英文
A new Middle Pleistocene species of Homo found in Northeastern China
Shijiazhuang news: An international paleoanthropological research team organized by the leading scientist, Professor Ji Qiang of Hebei GEO University announced today that on 25 June of 2021, they reported some research results of the Harbin cranium in the cover article of the magazine of "The Innovation", and they officially named the Harbin cranium as a new Homo species: Homo longi, providing a crucial evidence for the study on the origin and evolution of Homo sapiens.
Hundreds of thousand years ago, several human species coexisted in Asia, Europe and Africa. In China, a few archaic human fossils such as those from Dali, Jinniushan and Hualongdong show a mosaic combination of primitive and derive features. There has long been fierce debate about whether these archaic fossils belong to different species of human, might be transitional forms between Homo erectus and H. sapiens, or might actually represent primitive forms of our own species H. sapiens.In 2018, Professor Ji Qiang and others reported an almost complete archaic human cranium from Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, Northeastern China in the magazine of "Journal of Geology". This well-preserved cranium fossil provides the critical evidence for understanding the evolution of humans and the origin of our species. The cranium was reportedly found in 1933 when a bridge was built over the Songhuajiang River in Harbin City. Because of its unsystematic recovery at that time and the long time interval, the information about the exact fossil site and fossil-bearing layer was lost.The research team used sophisticated geochemical analyses, including rare earth elements, strontium isotopic ratios and X-ray fluorescence, and direct Uranium series dating on the Harbin cranium. "Although it is impossible to pin the cranium to an exact location with currently available technology, all the evidence suggests that it was from a bed of lacustrine sediments aged between 138 and 309 thousand years ago in the Harbin region", said geochemist and team member Dr. Junyi Ge from Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). "We are quite confident now that the fossil cranium is older than 146 thousand years." added by a geochemist and team member Dr. Qingfeng Shao from Nanjing Normal University. "the Harbin cranium was not transported far away. The fossil site might be found within 15km to the west of Harbin City, where a set of Middle Pleistocene strata are exposed: the Upper Huangshan Formation." said by Professor Ji Qiang of Hebei GEO University.A human fossil with such an age always shows some primitive features, as does the Harbin cranium (Homo longi). It has a long and low braincase with a recending frontal and evenly curved parietal contour, and a curved and massively developed brow ridge. "The Harbin cranium is huge, showing either the largest or second largest values for many measurements in our comparative fossil database, and its brain size at 1420 ml matches that of modern humans." said Dr. Chris Stringer, a palaeoanthropologist and team member from the Natural History Museum in London, "It also shows other features resembling our species. It has flat and low cheekbones with a shallow canine fossa, and the face looks reduced and tucked under the brain -case."Being massive in size and presenting both primitive and derived features make the Harbin cranium quite distinct. It is so distinct that Professor Ji Qiang and his colleagues have even suggested naming the Harbin cranium as a new species of the genus Homo. They have called it "Dragon Man" (Homo longi). The name is derived from the geographic name, Long Jiang or Dragon River, for the Heilongjiang Province.Palaeoanthropologists usually compare morphological features one by one, or use landmark-based statistical analyses to evaluate overall similarities among compared human fossils. Professor Ji Qiang and his colleagues, however, decided to apply phylogenetic analyses in the research. Phylogenetic analyses are widely used in evolutionary biology and include a set of mathematical techniques to establish branching diagrams to represent the evolutionary history or relationship between different species or organisms that have developed from a common ancestor.Over many years, Professor Ni Xijun from Chinese Academy of Sciences and Hebei GEO University has been working on a standardized morphological data matrix (Morphobank Project 3385). This data matrix examine hundreds of discrete and continuous characters across more than a hundred fossil human crania and mandibles. "Based on this data matrix, we ran a set of mathematical algorithms on a super computing system, examined thousands of billion branching arrangements, and found the most mathematically likely tree topology that represents the best model for evolutionary processes in the genus Homo. We can also estimate the time of each branching event", said Dr. Zhang Chi, a biomathematician from the Chinese Academy of Sciences. "For the first time, we put almost all the major divergent clades of the Homo genus in the same analysis", Professor Ni Xijun added, "By taking all the fossils as calibration points, it is likely that the diversification of the genus Homo may have had a much deeper time scale than previously presumed".The comprehensive phylogenetic analyses of the research team reveal that the Harbin cranium and some other Eastern Asian archaic human fossils, such as Dali, Jinniushan, Hualongdong and Xiahe jawbonefrom the tibetan plateau, belong to an evolutionary clade that shares the same last ancestor with Homo sapiens, our own species. "It is widely believed that the Neanderthals from the sister group of the H. sapiens lineage. But our analyses suggest that the Harbin cranium and some other Middle Pleistocene human fossils from China form a third East Asian lineage, which is actually closer to H. sapiens than the Neanderthals are", said Dr. Chris Stringer. Thus, the excellent preservation of the Harbin cranium throws new light on the evolution of the genus Homo. "Its estimated Middle Pleistocene age places it as an Asian contemporary of the evolving H. sapiens, H. neanderthalensis and possibly the enigmatic Denisovan lineage" added Dr. Chris Stringer.The identification of the Harbin cranium as a representative of a new human lineage contemporary with Neanderthals, the Denisovans and H. sapiens does not support local continuity model for the origin of H. sapiens, since this lineage has its own combination of features rather than ones that were leading to modern humans. The research team also tested 18 biogeographic models across the fossil-calibrated phylogenetic tree of the genus Homo. Instead of a unidirectional "out of Africa" model, we found that a multi-directional "shuttle dispersal model" is more likely to explain the complex phylogenetic connections among African and Eurasian Homo species/populations. "Hundreds of thousand years ago multiple Homo lineages probably had a strong capability for dispersing across long distances, although they remained in relatively small and isolated populations", Professor Ni Xijun postulated, "Compareed to Africa and Europe, Asia probably acted like a sink of Homo species/populations that received more dispersals from Africa and Europe than it gave dispersals to Africa and Europe. Diverse palaeoenvironments in Asia, ranging from the Gobi Desert to rainforest, and from costal plains to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, probably produced a varied biogeographic sink for human evolution." "The evolution model of humans is obviously different from that of other organisms. The human species became fewer and fewer, but the populations became larger and larger. As a result, only one human species lives on the earth today, which is Homo sapiens." said Professor Ji Qiang. "The discovery of Homo longi has made a good start for us. I am looking forward to hunting for new human fossils, especially the common ancestor of Homo longi and Homo sapiens in East Asia, and even more in China, so as to promote the international research on the origin of Homo sapiens."中国哈尔滨古人类头骨化石发现的历史
1929年12月2日是一个极不平凡的日子,以中国著名考古学家裴文中教授为首的研究团队在北京市房山区周口店龙骨山发现了一件几乎完整的古人类头盖骨化石,这就是闻名于世的北京猿人化石。这一重大发现在生物学、古人类学、历史学、人类发展史等方面具有的重要科学价值立即引起了国际科学界的极大关注。遗憾的是,北京猿人化石的正型标本在中-日战争期间丢失了,成了令人心痛的千古之谜。
可是谁也没有想到,就在北京猿人发现之后的第4个年头,也就是1933年,中国东北也发现了一件古人类头颅化石。只不过当时处于战争时期,这件化石没有被研究和发表科学论文,所以长期以来鲜为人知。
2017年8月,河北地质大学特聘教授季强参观广西桂林瓦窑奇石市场,看到一位农民在市场上出售一些松花石、玛瑙、岫岩玉等标本。攀谈之后,这位农民说他认识季强先生,是中国地质博物馆的馆长。他告诉季强先生,他家有一件珍藏了几十年的人头化石,是祖上传下来的。他知道脊椎动物化石是国家禁止买卖的,有意将这件人头化石捐赠给一家国有博物馆收藏,但条件是要征集一批他收藏的岩矿标本。季强先生问他有没有人头化石的照片,以确定这件人头化石的真假及科学价值。他立即从口袋里拿出手机,给季强先生看了人头化石的图片。季强先生看过照片后说,他目前在河北地质大学任教,该校有一座很好的地球科学博物馆。如果他愿意捐赠给河北地质大学,该校地球科学博物馆同意收藏这件人头化石,并答应他所提出的要求。双方经过多次协商,这位农民终于在2018年5月将这件人头化石捐赠给了河北地质大学,并作为固定资产永远收藏于该校的地球科学博物馆。
季强先生多次问这位农民的姓名和家庭住址,但他总不愿意透露任何有关他本人和他家庭的信息。他告诉季强先生,他只想好好过日子,现在人头化石有了好的归属也就放心了。当季强先生问他,到底是谁发现了这件人头化石?他苦涩一笑,然后讲了一段他们家祖孙三代人发现和保护人头化石的故事。
1932年2月,日本军队完全占领了中国北方冰城—哈尔滨,强征大批的青壮年中国人当劳工,为他们修建军事工事、铁路和桥梁。他爷爷当时不满18岁,是个认识几个字的地道农民,也被拉去当了兵,专门为日本军队看管劳工。当时日本人想在哈尔滨市松花江上修建一座桥梁,也就是现在的东江桥,他爷爷被派往那里看管劳工。1933年4月的一天,一名劳工在修建桥墩时挖出了一颗“人头”,但看上去有些古怪,与他们以往看过的人头不一样,就把这颗“人头”交给了他爷爷。他爷爷推测这可能是个宝贝,因为几年前他曾听说过北京发现古人头的事。西方的洋人都知道那事,这东西可能很值钱。他没有将这事告诉日本人,而是偷偷地将这颗“人头”带回家中,包裹好后丢进了院子里的水井中,连夜用土将水井填埋。1949年以后,由于他曾当过日本军队的“兵”,就回到老家继续当农民。在以后的几十年中,他每天早出晚归在田里干活,对那颗“人头”的事只字不提。他没有敢将此事告诉任何人,甚至也没有勇气将此事告诉他儿子。一天,他感得身体十分难受,知道自己不行了,就将儿子和孙子叫到病榻前,临终前把那颗“人头”的事和埋藏“人头”的水井位置告诉了他们,遗憾的是并没有将发现那颗 “人头”的准确地点告诉他们。
现在,他儿子和孙子仍在老家务农,农闲之时也做一些小买卖。随着中国改革开放政策的不断深化和国民经济的快速发展,这爷儿俩由衷感觉到中国真的强大了,老百姓真的过上好日子了,新时代真的到来了。在沉默了数年后,这爷儿俩商量着那颗“人头”的事。他们很想将那个宝贝捐献给国家,但他们既不懂通过何种合法渠道捐赠给国家,也不懂应该与国家哪个部门或单位联系。谁知机缘巧合,在桂林遇上了季强先生才了却了他们的心愿。
中国哈尔滨市发现的龙人头颅化石
2018年7月,季强教授和黑龙江省的地质学家实地考察了哈尔滨市东江桥地区,初步认为1933年发现的古人类头骨化石应该产自松花江的河沙沉积物中。经河北地质大学季强教授和中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所倪喜军研究员的初步鉴定,那颗“人头”应是似海德堡人古人类头颅化石,推测其时代距今约40万年—20万年,在生物学、古人类学、历史学、人类发展史等研究中具有重要的科学价值。经过两年多的研究,季强等人于2021年6月25日在《The Innovation》杂志上以封面文章报道了中国东北哈尔滨市发现的中更新世古人类头骨化石的研究成果,正式将该古人类头骨化石命名为人属的一个新人种:龙人(Homo longi),为研究智人起源和人类演化提供了至关重要的证据。
哈尔滨市松花江上的东江桥
季 强
季强,博士,联邦德国洪堡学者,毕业于南京大学地质系地层古生物专业;现为河北地质大学特聘教授,中国地质科学院地质研究所二级研究员,博士生导师,国家古生物化石专家委员会副主任,亚洲恐龙协会副理事长兼秘书长,常州中华恐龙园终生馆长;曾任中国古生物学会副理事长,第一届总理基金获得者,国家有突出贡献青年科学家,国务院津贴获得者,国家‘百千万跨世纪人才’入选者,第八届‘李四光地质科学奖’获得者。自1995年以来,季强教授先后负责和参加国家科学技术部、国家国土资源部、国家自然科学基金委员会、中国地质调查局、美国国家地理基金会等科研项目,首次发现以中华龙鸟为代表的长羽毛恐龙和原始鸟类化石,证明鸟类是由小型肉食性恐龙演化而来,圆满解决了国际科学界150年未能解决的鸟类起源问题;发现了世界上最古老的有胎盘类和有袋类哺乳动物化石,提出‘东亚地区起源中心’的假说;发现了中华古果、始花古果等原始被子植物化石,推动了国际被子植物起源研究。季强教授先后在国内外科学刊物上发表论文200余篇,其中在《NATURE》和《SCIENCE》杂志上发表27篇论文,出版专著7部,曾获原地质矿产部科技成果奖二等奖2项,三等奖2项;原国土资源部科技成果奖一等奖1项;教育部科技成果奖一等奖1项;北京市科技进步奖一等奖1项。季强教授刻苦钻研,学风严谨,洞察力敏锐,创新意识强,作风干练潇洒,不拘泥于学派与门户之见,敢于讲真话,被同行称为中国‘龙鸟之父’、中国‘二代龙王’、‘东方之子’ 和中国古生物界的‘跨界游侠’。
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The Innovation 是一本由青年科学家与Cell Press于2020年共同创办的综合性英文学术期刊:向科学界展示鼓舞人心的跨学科发现,鼓励研究人员专注于科学的本质和自由探索的初心。往期作者(Volume 1 Issue 1 -- Volume 2 Issue 1)来自全球24个国家;每期1/3-1/4通讯作者来自海外。目前有183位编委会成员,来自21个国家;51%编委来自海外;包含1位诺贝尔奖获得者,26位各国院士;领域覆盖全部自然科学。The Innovation已被DOAJ,ADS,Scopus等数据库收录。
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