性社会学研究 | Culture, Health & Sexuality 英文文献编译（三）

【编者按】

　　性社会学，只不过是社会学的一个弱小分支。在西方，它发展不过百年，学者不过百人；在中国则更是历史短而人数少，但是，它研究的却是人类生活中发生最频繁、体验最深刻、意义最广泛的重大活动之一。人类智慧数千年来对于自身的几乎一切认识和争论，都可以在“性”（sexuality）这里得到集中的体现：精神与肉体、个人与社会、美与丑、生命与死亡，等等，不一而足。不妨说，“性”是研究人类的最佳切入点之一。

　　在2019年，性研究ing将在介绍会议论文及其他重要原创性研究成果之余，推出“性社会学研究文献回顾”栏目，介绍发表在中英文期刊上的部分性研究文献（仅摘编题目与摘要），为学术研究提供一些检索便利，也方便了解中文的研究语境。中文文献的梳理偏重中国大陆，以五年为间隔，以社会学与人类学领域为主。英文文献以 Culture, Health and Sexuality 为主，介绍最新期刊的论文情况。

　　本期编译的是《文化、健康与性》（Culture, Health and Sexuality）杂志的第21卷2019年第2期，共9篇论文。具体发表信息可见文章末尾“阅读原文”链接。

01

对加拿大安大略省携带HIV的种族化妇女而言，

移民是一个HIV易感性的危机倾向：一个反压迫的视角

Roula N. Kteily-Hawa, Shazia Islam 

& Mona Loutfy

　　加拿大的南亚移民妇女面临着独特的结构性障碍，这些障碍影响着她们的HIV（人类免疫缺陷病毒）易感性。我们采用交叉和反压迫的视角，考察了移民行为在改变性别角色和性别关系结构方面的作用；以及由于移民妇女在面对男性霸权时经历的危机倾向，这些性别角色和性别关系结构对她们的HIV风险的影响。借鉴康奈尔的性别理论，本研究对居住在加拿大安大略省大多伦多地区的12名自我认同为南亚移民的妇女进行了深度访谈，并通过主题分析确定了四大主题：权力关系、情感关系、性别分工和社会规范。研究结果揭示了移民行为与结构性、个体性和规范性（即上述主题）因素之间的相互依赖性；当父权制被打破时，这些因素与危机倾向有关。鉴于全球移民的迅速增加、跨国主义和霸权主义之间的联系，以及移民与HIV之间的相关性，未来的研究应该将这项工作扩展到其他移民社区。

Immigration as a crisis tendency for HIV vulnerability among racialised women living with HIV in Ontario, Canada: an anti-oppressive lens

South Asian immigrant women in Canada face unique structural barriers that influence their HIV vulnerability. Using an intersectional and anti-oppressive lens, we explored the role of immigration in bringing about changes in gender roles and the structure of gender relations and their effect on HIV risk among immigrant women as they experienced crisis tendencies in the face of hegemonic masculinity. Informed by Connell’s theory of gender, the study entailed in-depth interviews with 12 self-identified South Asian immigrant women living in the Greater Toronto Area, in Ontario, Canada. A thematic analysis yielded four themes: power relations, emotional relations, gendered division of labour and social norms. Our findings revealed interdependencies between immigration and each of structural, individual and normative factors (the themes) as they pertain to crisis tendencies when patriarchy is disrupted. Given the rapid increase in global immigration, the connections between transnationalism and hegemony, and the established link between immigration and HIV, future research should extend this work to other immigrant communities.

02

“我的伴侣只对她着迷”：

男女三人性爱中的嫉妒、交流和规则

Ryan Scoats & Eric Anderson

　　基于对28名男女的访谈，本研究考察了男女三人性爱中与交流和嫉妒相关的体验。研究结果表明，处于恋爱关系中的人在进行三人性爱时经常会有被排斥的感觉，即使开放的交流是一种可以减轻负面影响的方法。一些伴侣在三人性爱时会就特定规则达成一致，象征性地表明这种关系的特殊性，同时也保护这种关系，使其不会进一步发展成非一夫一妻制。虽然对那些没有恋爱关系的三人性爱者来说，交流显得不那么重要，但它仍然影响着他们决定是否避孕以及如何避孕，不论三人性爱是否发生在恋爱关系中。研究结果是在一夫一妻制的概念下被语境化的，我们认为，有伴侣参与其中的三人性爱有助于维持制度上的一夫一妻制，而不是挑战它。

‘My partner was just all over her’: jealousy, communication and rules in mixed-sex threesomes

Drawing on findings from interviews with 28 men and women, this study explores experiences related to communication and jealousy in mixed-sex threesomes. Findings suggest that those in relationships often experience feelings of exclusion when engaging in threesomes, although open communication is a method by which the negative effects may be mitigated. Some couples agree on particular rules during their threesomes, symbolically demonstrating the specialness of the relationship as well as protecting it from further progression into non-monogamy. Although communication appeared less important for those having threesomes when not in a relationship, it still played a role in determining participants’ use of contraception whether the threesome occurred while in a relationship or not. Study findings are contextualised using the concept of monogamism, with it being suggested that threesomes involving romantic couples can serve to help maintain institutional monogamy, rather than trouble it.

03

对加拿大安大略省携带HIV的种族化妇女而言，

移民是一个HIV易感性的危机倾向：一个反压迫的视角

Umhlalaphansi和inkwari：

青少年男子关于成为父亲的叙述

Nozipho Mvune, Deevia Bhana 

& Emmanuel Mayeza

　　本文探讨了南非夸祖鲁-纳塔尔农村的一些青少年父亲是如何参与异性恋关系的。根据对20名17至19岁的青少年父亲的定性研究成果，我们考察了他们如何谈论两个高度“性化”的聚会——umhlalaphansi（一种祖鲁族的通宵舞会）和inkwari（一种周末狂欢派对）。我们发现，这些社会和文化聚会提供了表达性与性别的机会，同时也增加了早育的风险。Umhlalaphansi是在一个文化纽带上产生的，这个文化纽带支持尊重，支持禁止性秘密和不受管制的性行为的文化规范。矛盾的是，umhlalaphansi是一个青少年男女参与求爱、性关系和危险性行为的关键场所。Inkwari缺乏文化脚本，它以聚会、酗酒、吸毒和参与自发的性邂逅为基础。我们展示了这两个场所如何为年轻人提供机会，让他们以冒险的方式来追求性，因为这些方式增加了他们意外地成为青少年父亲的可能性。我们的结论为基于学校的干预措施提供了一些启示，有助于应对南非农村地区的性风险。

Umhlalaphansi and inkwari: 

teenage men’s accounts on becoming fathers

This paper explores how some South African teenage fathers in rural KwaZulu-Natal engage in heterosexual relationships. Drawing on findings from a qualitative based study with twenty teenage fathers aged between seventeen and nineteen years old, we examine how they talk about two highly sexualised gatherings – umhlalaphansi (an overnight Zulu dance ceremony) and inkwari (a weekend-long rave-like party). We find that these social and cultural gatherings provide opportunities to express gender and sexuality whilst simultaneously increasing the risk for early childbearing. Umhlalaphansi is produced at the cultural nexus which supports respect and cultural norms that prohibit sexual secrecy and unregulated sexuality. Paradoxically, umhlalaphansi is a key site in which teenage men and women engaged in courtships, sexual relationships and risky sexual conduct. Inkwari lacks cultural scripts and is based on partying, alcohol, drug use and engagement in spontaneous sexual encounters. We show how these two sites provide opportunities for young men to pursue sexuality in ways that are risky as they increase vulnerability for unplanned teenage fatherhood. Our conclusion provides some implications for school-based interventions to tackle sexual risk within rural contexts in South Africa.

04

美国黑人女大学生的性自我保护策略

Amarachi R. Anakaraonye, Emily S. Mann, 

Lucy Annang Ingram et al.

　　虽然先前关于美国大学生的性实践的学术研究探索了白人、经济特权和性别不平等的共同构成如何成为“勾搭”（hook up）的核心，但对以白人为主的大学性文化如何塑造黑人女大学生的性实践却关注较少。在本文中，我们使用黑人女性主义提出的交叉理论框架，来分析对美国东南部一所大学18-22岁的黑人、顺性别、异性恋的女大学生的访谈。我们考察她们如何解释大学的性文化，以及这如何影响她们的性决策。我们发现种族歧视和性别歧视的交互作用限制了黑人女大学生对性伴侣的选择，并导致她们在大学以外寻求性关系。虽然其中大多数人不与校外伴侣建立忠诚的浪漫爱情关系，但她们会采取一系列策略来保护自己的社交、情感和性幸福。研究成果通过聚焦于一个经常被排除在已有文献之外的群体的叙述，扩展了对勾搭文化（hook up culture）的研究。

Black US college women’s strategies of 

sexual self-protection

While previous scholarship on the sexual practices of college students in the USA has explored how the co-constitution of whiteness, economic privilege and gender inequality are central to ‘hooking up’, less attention has been paid to how the sexual culture of predominantly white universities shape Black college women’s sexual practices. In this article, we use an intersectional theoretical framework informed by Black feminism to analyse interviews with Black, cisgender, heterosexual women, aged 18–22, attending a university in the south-eastern USA. We explore how they interpret the university’s sexual culture and in turn how that informs their sexual decision-making. We find that the intersection of racism and sexism limits Black college women’s sexual partner options and leads them to pursue sexual relationships outside the university setting. While most do not engage in committed romantic relationships with off-campus partners, they do engage in a range of strategies to protect their social, emotional and sexual well-being. The study findings expand the scholarship on hook-up culture by centring the narratives of a group often excluded from the literature.

05

重塑男性气概：

与男女都有性行为的黑人男性的结构性脆弱和HIV

Sonja Mackenzie

　　本文呼吁将男性气概批判性地再定义为一个HIV流行和公共卫生中的交叉概念。我们对旧金山湾区56名与男女都有性行为的黑人男性进行了深度定性访谈。他们通过复杂的男性气概叙事来描述他们的性认同和实践；这些叙事利用了他们从属而机敏的适应，用以应对种族歧视、经济边缘化和恐同症所带来的结构性影响。通过聚焦于在固定身份类别之外体验男性气概的男人，本文关注的是交叉性，它必然是男性生活经历的重要构成部分。研究结果表明了一个综合框架对于理解黑人男性气概的价值：将这种男性气概理解为过程和实践，它同时受到结构性不平等（特别是种族歧视、经济边缘化和/或恐同症）和性别的文化含义的影响。通过运用交叉方法，公共卫生和社会学可以更好地理解并存于男性气概中的恢复力和脆弱性，建立对美国黑人男性气概的符号作用的跨学科理解，以及发展在这些性别语境下促进健康和福祉的方法。

Reframing masculinity: structural vulnerability and HIV among black men who have sex with men and women

This paper calls for a critical reframing of masculinity as an intersectional construct in the HIV epidemic and in public health. In-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with a sample of 56 Black men who have sex with men and women in the San Francisco Bay Area. Men described their sexual identities and practices via complex narratives of masculinity that drew on subordinated and resourceful adaptations to the structural effects of racism, economic marginalisation and homophobia. By focusing on men whose experience of masculinity operates outside fixed identity categories, the paper draws attention to the intersectionality that is, by necessity, constitutive of men’s lived experiences. Findings suggest the value of an integrative framework for understanding Black masculinities as processes and practices simultaneously informed by structural inequalities (racism, economic marginalisation and/or homophobia, in particular) and cultural meanings of gender. By utilising an intersectional approach, public health and sociology can better understand the concurrent resilience and vulnerability of masculinities, while building an interdisciplinary understanding of the symbolic role of Black masculinities in the USA, as well as a means by which to promote health and well-being in and through these gendered contexts.

06

意大利人对同性养育的态度：传统性别意识形态的影响

Salvatore Ioverno, Roberto Baiocco, 

Vittorio Lingiardi et al.

　　本研究旨在考察：在意大利，当同性养育家庭正遭受反对非传统性别角色和家庭的意识形态运动的攻击时，性别意识形态、宗教信仰和政治保守主义等因素在影响人们对于同性养育的态度上的作用。我们向4187名异性恋受访者收集了他们对双母亲和双父亲养育的态度、同性恋污名、对传统男性气质和女性气质的看法、宗教参与和政治保守主义等方面的数据。我们进行了多组结构方程模型分析，以检验性别是否减弱了变量之间的任何估计关联。结果表明，关于女性气质的传统观念与人们对双母亲和双父亲养育的消极态度直接相关，而关于男性气质的传统观念只对双父亲养育有显著的直接影响。在对两类同性养育家庭的消极态度上，同性恋污名部分地调节了宗教信仰、政治保守主义以及关于男性气质和女性气质的传统观念之间的联系。在政治保守主义和宗教信仰对同性养育的态度上存在着性别差异，发现了性别差异的间接影响。我们还讨论了这些研究发现的理论贡献和意义。

Attitudes towards same-sex parenting in Italy: 

the influence of traditional gender ideology

This study aimed to examine the role of gender ideology, religiosity and political conservatism on attitudes toward same-sex parenting in Italy at a time when same-sex parent families are undergoing attacks from ideological campaigns opposing non-traditional gender roles and families. We collected data from 4,187 heterosexual respondents about attitudes towards two-father and two-mother parenting, homonegativity, attitudes toward traditional masculinity and femininity, religious involvement and political conservatism. We conducted multiple group structural equation model analyses to test whether sex moderated any of the estimated associations among variables. Results showed that traditional beliefs about femininity were directly associated with negative attitudes towards two-mother and two-father parenting, while traditional beliefs about masculinity had a significant direct effect only on two-father parenting. Homonegativity partially mediated the association between religiosity, political conservatism and traditional beliefs about masculinity and femininity on negative attitudes toward both types of same-sex parenting. Gender differences were found for the indirect effects of political conservatism and religiosity on attitudes towards same-sex parenting. The theoretical contributions and implications of the findings are discussed.

07

游乐场之爱：印度尼西亚“瓦里娅”

在城市夜生活中的性工作、愉悦和自我肯定

Terje Toomist

　　印度尼西亚的变性妇女，在当地和国际上被称为“瓦里娅”（waria），在有限的社会接受度下共享着一些生活模式。这些模式包含了参与性工作。人们通常用经济术语来解释大量作为性工作者的瓦里娅。然而，虽然她们在城市中的某些地点的存在是以瓦里娅性工作而闻名，但她们的存在不仅仅是为了工作，甚至往往不是为了性。瓦里娅的街头夜生活促进了瓦里娅的能动性，它通过愉悦的身体实践，从自我肯定中涌现出来；这些身体实践涉及到她们的密友（性伴侣）和邻近的（附近的其他瓦里娅和男人）以及遥远的他人（构建理想型）。本文以2010年至2015年在爪哇和西巴布亚进行的田野调查为基础，描述了瓦里娅当中性工作的政治和经济组织，而后强调了瓦里娅街头夜生活的社交特征和感官特征。

Playground love: sex work, pleasure, 

and self-affirmation in the urban nightlife of 

Indonesian waria

Indonesian transgender women, locally and internationally recognised as waria, share some lifestyle patterns that have emerged under conditions of limited social acceptance. These patterns include involvement in sex work. The high number of waria who are sex workers is usually explained in economic terms. However, their presence in certain locations around the city known for waria sex work is not only for work, and quite often not even for sex. Waria street nightlife fosters waria agency, which emerges from self-affirmation through pleasurable bodily practices involving intimate (sexual partners) and both proximate (other waria and men nearby) and distant others (structuring ideals). Drawing on fieldwork conducted between 2010 and 2015 in Java and West Papua, this paper describes the political and economic organisation of sex work among waria, then highlights the social and sensorial qualities of waria street nightlife.

08

换偶生活方式的变迁：美国国家和历史的比较

Claire Kimberly & Robert McGinley

　　虽然已经有好几代人在配偶的允许下参与婚外关系，但是人们对参与者以及这些年来他们的变化却知之甚少。本研究通过比较换偶群体和非换偶群体从20世纪80年代到2016年的人口统计数据和性实践，丰富了现有的研究。80年代的数据来自提交给某换偶组织的会员信息表和美国某国家数据集（即GSS，美国综合社会调查）；而最近的数据集则是通过线上调查收集。与非换偶人群相比，换偶者更有可能是高加索人、年轻人、受过教育的人、富人，并且对自己的婚姻和性生活更满意。从1982年到2016年，换偶者的人口统计学比较显示了人口多样性增加、与美国民主党的联系日益密切，以及更多地使用保护措施以避免性传播疾病。在不同年份，婚姻满意度保持不变；而一年内性生活的数量则随着时间的推移而减少。

Changes in the swinging lifestyle: a US national and historical comparison

Although engaging in extramarital relationships with permission from spouses has been practised for generations, relatively little is known about those who participate and how they have changed over the years. This study expands on existing research by comparing the demographics and sexual practices of those in swinging and non-swinging communities from the 1980s to those in 2016. Data from the 1980s were collected through membership forms submitted to a swinger organisation and a national dataset conducted in the USA (i.e. The General Social Survey), while the recent dataset was collected through an online survey. Compared to the non-swinging population, swingers were more likely to be Caucasian, younger, educated, wealthy and more satisfied with their marriage and sex life. Demographic comparisons of swingers from 1982 to 2016 showed an increase in diversity, growing connection to the US Democratic Party and increased use of protection to avoid sexually transmitted diseases. Marital satisfaction remained the same regardless of year measured, but the amount of sex engaged in over a year decreased over time.

09

乌干达坎帕拉教师在学校进行综合的性教育时的

文化图式冲突

Billie de Haas & Inge Hutter

　　在开展性教育时，当教学内容与教师的文化价值观和信仰相冲突时，他们会感到不舒服。然而，我们还需要更多的研究来理解如何解决教师的价值观和信仰与性教育综合方法中隐含的价值观和信仰之间的冲突。本研究运用文化图式理论来识别教师在性教育教学中的文化图式，以及它们当中内生的冲突。我们对乌干达首都坎帕拉的40名中学教师进行了深度访谈。在道德语境下，在传统和当今的乌干达社会中，我们发现了性教育和年轻人的性公民身份之间的文化图式冲突：年轻人既天真单纯，性方面又比较活跃；性教育既鼓励性行为，又阻止性行为；教师需要进行性教育教学，但对他们而言这样做又被认为是不道德的。在像乌干达这样的国家，支持性的学校规章和社会的授权能够帮助教师更轻松地运用综合方法进行性教育。

Teachers’ conflicting cultural schemas of teaching comprehensive school-based sexuality education in Kampala, Uganda

Teachers can feel uncomfortable teaching sexuality education when the content conflicts with their cultural values and beliefs. However, more research is required to understand how to resolve conflicts between teachers’ values and beliefs and those implicit in comprehensive approaches to sexuality education. This study uses cultural schema theory to identify teachers’ cultural schemas of teaching sexuality education and the internal conflicts arising between them. In-depth interviews were conducted with 40 secondary school teachers in Kampala, the capital city of Uganda. Embedded in a context of morality, conflicting cultural schemas of sexuality education and young people’s sexual citizenship in traditional and present-day Ugandan society were found: young people are both innocent and sexually active; sexuality education both encourages and prevents sexual activity; and teachers need to teach sexuality education, but it is considered immoral for them to do so. In countries such as Uganda, supportive school regulations and a mandate from society could help teachers feel more comfortable adopting comprehensive approaches to sexuality education.

往期

回顾