海外平行课 | 社会认同、文化遗产与自然伤痕 – 矿业遗址景观与工业考古中的不安定景观
社会认同、文化遗产与自然伤痕
COMMUNITY IDENTITY,CULTURAL HERITAGE, & ENVIRONMENTAL SCAR
- UNCERTAIN LANDSCAPE ofPOST-MINING HERITAGE & INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY
项目周期：8-10 周
难度：★★★★☆
报名人数：4-6人， 2 人/group or 所有人/group
项目成果：one project
开题模式：online / face toface
报名要求：
1）课题针对建筑/城市设计/景观/室内设计/交互设计/视觉传达等专业学生。
2）对设计软件、专业基础知识掌握程度较好，有能力快速自学软件和数据获取，渴望多专业融合拓展视野，强化和展现自己的思维逻辑和设计创意；对该类别项目有自我见解和实践经验；对空间、材料、表达媒介有兴趣的同僚。并且地缘性、文化性、经济性、适应性研究也是我们的关注点。
3）我们反对简单摘抄复制的无脑手法，也谨慎审视天马行空的创意设想；我们鼓励在有依据可循的基础上大胆创新突破桎锆。我们反对纪念碑式的【瞻仰式】体验，鼓励注重原生社会参与综合提升的【应地性&系统性】工程。同时，我们在总体场地范围不变的前提下，不明确要求设计红线，从设计尺度开始，鼓励由SX到XXL的开放性设计，也为多专业交互提供温床。
4）可独立完成或合作。
| 课程导师 |
XINYUE TAN
Sense Studio Australia工作室创始人之一
CSCES景观与城市设计项目负责人
MLA, University ofMelbourne，AU
BLA, BeijingForestry University，CHN
本硕期间学习成绩优秀，本科获校级比赛优秀奖一次。硕士期间专注于工业及文化遗产景观，设计作品连续四届 全部获选墨尔本大学设计展览，毕业设计获评当届景观毕业生最高分。校外实践经历充分，在甲级国有设计院，中科院， 事业单位，私立教育机构和外国景观工作室有过景观，规划，研究，留学培训相关工作经历。2014年获“建王杯”《最美的屋顶花园竞赛优秀奖》。硕士期间所有景观 studio 设计作业获选参展墨尔本大学 MSDX 展览，硕士毕业设计《伟大城市之基》获评墨尔本大学 2018 年冬季景观毕业作品最高分。
| 课程概述 |
Background:
Mining has played an essential role in shapingAustralia. It has been vital to supporting the economy and made anirreplaceable promotion of expanding settlements frontier in Australia. Atleast in the 1850s, the gold discoveriessignaled the country from a convict dumping ground into a liberated new nation (Baida2012, p.9). After 160 years’ exploitation, mineral resourcescontinue to contribute the largest export sector in 2017. Simultaneously,mining towns have become a permanent fixture across Australia. Provisionalshanties were replaced by permanent settlements with mining companies and thesubsequent booming of company towns. It is important to understand mining’s integralrole rather than just a quintessential “boom and bust” industry. Historically,its development and closure have dominated the fate of communities - betweenthe progressive or the crippling. Aftermineral depletion or during the bust eras, mining communities, which exhibitstrong social ties and generational links to the previous mining industry, areforced to dealing with the radical change of economy, immigration, inequality, poverty, industriallegacies, and tooutlasting their industrial usefulness.
Concerning community survival, itis essential to clarify that community annihilation is not an inevitable resultof mine closure.To date, landscape architects arecommitting to exploring ecological and social thinking to survive post-miningcommunities by reclaiming economic opportunities, local identities, andenvironment. In Europe and the US, the IBA Emscher Park, Eden Project, and AMD& ART Project are successful precedents of integrating cultural andecological approaches. However, in Australia, current rehabilitation practiceshave been concerned with environmental remediation (Baida 2012, p.13).
Research question:
In terms of culture approach, whatcontributions can be achieved by landscape architects in a post-mininglandscape to improve community reclamation?
Objectives:
To provide a panorama of successful precedents andcatastrophic lessons of post-mining community reclamation both in Australia andinternationally.
To investigate the particular social features ofAustralian post-mining communities, including the economic cycle of “boom andbust,” the distinctive society of the company town, and the itinerant ofaboriginal communities.
To clarifykey stakeholders and their roles in reclaiming post-miningcommunities.
To define and offer an assessment system for tangible andintangible culture factors of reclaiming Australian post-mining communities.
To explore approaches to make post-mining legacies ascatalysts of reclaiming post-mining communities, and embrace local post-miningfuture.
To raise an integrated approach, that harmonizesecological rehabilitation with culture efforts of post-mining communities'identities and heritage.
Rationale:
Under thecatalogue of post-industrial landscape, historically, the post-mining landscapehas been concerned by landscape architects stretching back at least as far asthe mid-nineteenth century if not earlier. Internationally, The Buttes-ChaumontPark in Paris, Central Park in New York are pioneers of post-miningreclamation. After the WWII, dramatic political changes and the closure ofhistoric industrial districts in Europe provide quintessential hotbeds for boththeoretical thinking and practices of this discipline. The theory of “fourtypes of nature,” and the debate between the “palimpsestual approach” and the “post-industrial scar,”reveals landscape architects have realized to readdress such landscapes byexploring new social and ecological thinking. Simultaneously, typicalpractices, for example, the IBA Emscher Park, IBA See Project, and the Vale Florestar Project exhibit a integratethinking that industrial and the natural elements are not regarded ascontradictory, but mutually reinforcing cultural identities and economicopportunities (Hamm 2010, p.32). Moreover, the authenticity of post-mininglegacies has been encouraged as heritages and alternative beauty in the two IBAprojects. In Brazil, the practice of energy landscape provides former miningareas an alternative resource by commercial forestry, which reconciles ecologywith economic requests. In Australia, in the 1970s, reclaiming damaged sites including former mining landscapesoffered a major avenue of work for landscape architects (Saniga 2012, p.201). Some ofthe earliest projects involved reclaiming degraded land and beautifying despoiled sites. More recently, theBrick Pit Ring in Sydney exhibits an effort of preserving industrial heritageand sensitive environment. Here, those post-mining sites were transformedcarefully and thoroughly considered from both culture and ecology aspects,because of its volume or obvious location.
There aresome gaps in post-mining landscape research in Australia that Australian post-mininglandscape has its unique characteristics to be clarified. On the one hand, itsculture and political environment are not as dramatic as the Rhine District orthe pre-Comecon countries. Instead, its colonial history and aboriginal cultureare more essential imprints. On the other hand, Australian mining communities’physical conditions are distinct. Despite which are swallowed in cities sprawl,most of them hide in hinterlands. They are isolated, autarkic, and radicallydifferent from the temperate environment in the coastal regions. Furthermore,contrary with the Brick Pit Ring in Sydney, post-mining sites in backcountrybarely attract either professional or public gaze. However, more work isneeded, that considering reclaiming those less noticeable but potentiallysignificant post-mining sites.
BRICKPIT RING
– 工业考古与生态栖息地恢复相结合的重构手法
Methodology:
The success of IBA’s and otherEuropean projects provide valuable practical thinking. In Post-mining Landscape, an IBA conference documentation, fosteringidentities, creating economic opportunities, and allowing for innovation areidentified as indispensable approaches in reclaiming post-mining landscape andresilient community. Its precedents of transitional landscape and energylandscape also demonstrate practical triumph of surviving post-miningcommunities. From psychological perspective,Sunnvia Sutestad and Saruhan Mosler argue industrial relics as placeattachments play an essential role in improving social resilience and communitysurvival, in their articleIndustrial Heritage and their Legacies. Furthermore, Anna Storm compares industrial relics to scarsin her book Post-industrial LandscapeScars. This metaphor emphasizes the interconnectedness of multiple parallel or successive events and perspectivesare contained in industrial legacies, opposite with the idea of palimpsestual approaches, whichintroduce new landscape by scraping away the old ones (Strom 2014, p.3). The “scar” emphasizes the continuous process ofchanging and defines industrial heritages’ value is more ofstories than materiality. Elizabeth K. Mayer supports this viewpoint in book Large Parks, that she argues landscape should exhibit thedynamic process of transformation or historical flow, and promote reflection,interrogation, and evoke rethink of our intervention process on nature. Moreover, the authenticity and integrality of industrial heritage are discussed in Anna’s criticism of the suppressing of dishonorablestories of Nazismin Landscape Park Duisburg-Nord.It reminds a carefully thinking of the dark histories when reclaiming theAustralian post-mining community, for example, the exclusion of aborigines. In the US, David Robertson discusses the struggle oftypical American post-mining towns in his book Hard as the Rock Itself. He emphasized that mining legacies serveas a major conduit of cultural identities. The legacies are venues of sharedexperiences carrying high atmospheric and sentimental value for localcommunities. However, negative stereotypes oftendominate the public that mininglegacies as negative (Robertson 2011,p.18). These distinct attitudes inspire thinking of eliminatingprejudice in revealing post-mining identities. Recently, Australian scholarsstart drives their gazes to local mining communities. Erik Eklund introducesAustralian backcountry mining communities in his book Mining Towns. The quintessentially local heterogeneity is revealed through his investigation whencompared with European projects or David Robertson’s American experiences. One characteristic is that anAustralian mining town could have been exploited several times in different eras because ofgold, stones, or metallic ores. Therefore, a complicated question will beraised that how to exhibit multiple historical stages integrally,as some stages have almost overlapped.
Gaps:
Both miningand post-mining towns scatter in Australia, such a vast continent, with extremedissonance, from the developed eastern coast to the inhospitable middledeserts. Therefore, select typical respondents and gather data would be achallenge. Furthermore, characters of local identities are distinct andambiguous from insiders and outsiders, aborigines and immigrants. These need tobe integrated and cleared. Besides, factors of the mining industry can crossthe limit of spatiality. The fate of a backcountry mining town can be dominatedby policy and investment from the capital city. Thus, the factors need to beinvestigated could exceed than the preliminary estimate.
工业建筑的雕塑性展示和社区更新后的功能赋予
Conflict：
1） 工业/矿业产业社区的独立性与其后工业时代原住民的社会价值崩塌和身份丧失。
2） 工业/矿业产业退出后的产业真空与经济衰退。
3） 经济及社会身份丧失后引发的社会问题——犯罪率、失业率、人口老龄化等。
4） 产业原住民与新居民之间的认同缺失，不同社会团体间的认同感差。
5） 上一代产业工人与新一代子女之间的记忆断层。
6） 长期以来的社会偏见，如何消除大众对大型工业的负面印象，如何将单方面的消费者偏见引导为共同承担社会责任/环保责任的消费者共同体理念。
7） 如何应用矿业开采后遗留的工业/文化遗址，如何将针对于外来旅游者的单一“纪念碑式”展示转变为真正引导本地居民参与的公共空间。
8） 如何处理城市蔓延与工业遗迹之间的用地冲突，重新定义超大尺度后工业场景在城市发展中的全新角色。
9） 如何处置工业开发后遗留的环境问题。
破解“美国历史遗忘症”-消费者关联-重构企业园景观理念
– 消费场景与生产场景的产品全生命周期展示理念
– Duke st Quarry Park Xinyue Tan 2018（navigatingthe bigness，re-defining the operation landscape）
| 平行课课题要求 |
跨界项目组合分组：
建筑/景观/城市设计/规划的3D构架组
软件：CAD/PS/AI/ID/SU/RHINO/GH/ArcGIS
平面设计/插画/交互设计信息系统设计组
软件：PS/AI/ID/C++/Phython
游戏设计/交互设计/的城市原画与VR组
软件：Maya/PS/UnityC#
各个专业学生将共同授课，各组进行调研活动及资料收集。之后各组按照各专业申请产出需求和所选方向不同共同（groupwork）或独立（indepandent program）完成专题设计。描绘新的场景发展、（社会/自然物理）的系统性变化；各组将通过各个专业的不同表达形式标的设计理念和最终产品。
场地选址：
Morwell, LatrobeValley，Victoria, Australia.100余年来持续发展为澳大利亚最大的褐煤产区，暨电力能源中枢；生产峰值时达到全澳洲95%的褐煤产量，为维州、新州、首都特区提供电力。依据澳洲可持续性发展规划现已进入去工业化停产阶段，即将在2030年完全退出煤炭及火电生产。
Option 1: Landscape/Urban Design Scale: 3290ha – 1300ha，Hazelwood Coal Mine Open Cut + Hazelwood PowerStation + railways + otherindustrial infrastructures.
Option 2: Planning/Landscape Planning Scale：50平方公里；Maximize 3 Coal Mine Open Cuts, (Yallourn,Hazelwood and Loy Yang）+ 3 Power Stations + several Towns+ several miles of railway + other industrial and urban infrastructures. Thisis approximately the same area as Sydney Harbour, or, in Melbourne, theequivalent to an area encompassed by a line joining Flemington Racecourse withWilliamstown, Albert Park and Studley Park. The Hazelwood Open Cut Mine aloneencompasses an area which could contain the equivalent of all the land in EastMelbourne, the Melbourne CBD, Southbank and Docklands, and all of VictoriaHarbour. The Loy Yang Open Cut Mine has a depth of approximately 200 metres –there are only 12 buildings in Melbourne which have a height greater than 200metres. In short, the scale of the open-cuts of the Latrobe Valley are nothuge, they are gargantuan.
Option 3: Architecture/Interior Design Scale：3 Giant Power Stations/Hazelwood Power Station
SITE: HazelwoodOpen Cut – one of the AU Biggest Coal Mine Open Cut
项目产出：
作品集、展板、视频、文字书籍、VR、物理模型等
| 图纸表达（基本要求） |
1）前期调研（图标若干：显示对空间解读、历史遗留、城市更新、社会变更、产业更新等空间性、人文性、经济性方面切入点的解读及设计的主要概念）。
2）前期分析图（表达手法不限，表达设计意图、思维闭环，逻辑清晰即可）。
3）平面图1:500/1000/10000（视具体场地选择大小和侧重专业方向自由选定）。
4）剖面图（侧重表达空间与组织关系）1：500/1：200。
5）效果图3-4 张，可结合后期设计分析协同表达。
6）后期分析图若干（独立表达设计目的和重点关注领域，如工业考古游线、生态修复、植被动物栖息地、产业重构、社会认同等方向）。
| 平行课课程安排 |
| 海外项目范例 |
1）Emscher Park，Furst-Puckler-Land，Statumbau德国鲁尔工业园区及杜伊斯堡风景园系列后工业景观– Internationale Bauausstellungen
https://www.internationale-bauausstellungen.de/
https://www.latzundpartner.de/en/projekte/postindustrielle-landschaften/
2）Buttes-Chaumont Park –Haussmann 1862
https://omrania.com/inspiration/brownfield-urban-garden-buttes-chaumont-park-150-years/
3）Ballast Point Park -McGregor Coxall
https://architectureau.com/articles/ballast-point-park-1/
4）Brickjpit Ring -CA&I
http://hub-group.com/projects/brickpit-ring/
5）AMD & ARTProject，D.I.R.T. studio 系列作品 -Julie Bargmann
http://www.dirtstudio.com/
6）THE RIVER AIRE – AmalLective
https://amallective.com/portfolio/renaturation-of-the-river-aire-georges-descombes-and-atelier-descombes-rampini/
7）Palmisano Park -D.I.R.T. studio
https://www.landscapeperformance.org/case-study-briefs/palmisano-park#/project-team
| 参考文献/必读资料 |
（根据课题和自己的相关研究）
线下提供纸质版书籍：
1）Ellen Braae , BeautyRedeemed – Recycling Post-Industrial Landscapes, 2015
2）Peter Latz , Rust Red:The Landscape Park Duisburg Nord, 2015
线上提供电子版书籍：
1）Alison Hoagland, MineTowns, 2010
2）Amelia H, Philipp K,Iris A, Red Mud Art and the post-mining landscape, 2014
3）Andrew Saniga, MakingLandscape Architecture in Australia, 2012
4）Anna Storm, PostIndustry landscape Scars, 2014
5）Charistain W, StefanB, Jana G, Industrial Heritage and Regional Identities, 2018
6）David Robertson, Hardas the rock itself, 2010
7）Gray Vines, IndustrialHeartland, 1990
8）Gray Vines, Quarry andStone Bluestone quarrying, stonemasonry and building
in Melbourne's West, 1993
9）Hannah Della BoscaJosephine Gillespie, the coal story: Generational coal mining communities andstrategies of nergy transition in Australia, 2018
10）Jack Vines, CoalMining Heritage Study in Victoria, 2008
11）Julia C, George H,Large Parks, 2007
12）Matt Baida, HealingWounded Landscapes: The Role of Landscape Architects in Achieving Post-MiningSustainability, 2012
及项目所在City/Suburb的PlanningScheme，Sustainable Report，HeritageStudy
核心书籍：
1）Alison Hoagland, MineTowns, 2010
2）Andrew Saniga, MakingLandscape Architecture in Australia, 2012
3）Anna Storm, PostIndustry landscape Scars, 2014
4）Jack Vines, CoalMining Heritage Study in Victoria, 2008
5）Julia C, George H,Large Parks, 2007
6）Peter Latz , Rust Red:The Landscape Park Duisburg Nord, 2015
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