为了更好地传播知识，推动期刊国际合作，本刊与 Urban Studies 杂志达成网络合作，不定期推送友刊的精选文章摘要。读者们可以借此了解国际城市研究的新动向，同时学习城市研究领域学术英文的正规表达。欢迎大家批评指正。The impact of immediate urban environments on people’s momentary happiness
Lingling Su（中山大学）
以及其他四位共同作者
首次出版时间：2021/2/10｜研究论文
Abstract: The research interest of urban researchers and geographers in the relationship between urban environments and happiness has been increasing. Previous studies have mostly focused on people’s long-term overall wellbeing. However, there is limited evidence that momentary happiness is associated with immediate urban environments. This study provides new evidence on this issue. 144 participants living in Guangzhou, China, were asked to repeatedly self-report their momentary happiness through ecological momentary assessment (EMA) and the day reconstruction method (DRM). The microenvironment variables were captured by portable sensors, while the built environment variables were captured by associating the GPS response locations with objective spatial data. The results indicate that momentary happiness is influenced by immediate microenvironment variables and built environment characteristics including temperature, noise, PM2.5, population, POI density, POI types and street intersections. On the other hand, the use of different sizes of contextual units affects the results. The built environment in 100 m buffers and the microenvironment has higher explanatory power for momentary happiness recorded by EMA than the built environment in 500 m buffers. Similarly, the temporality of the contextual influences also affects the results. Urban environment features have higher explanatory power for real-time momentary happiness recorded by EMA than recalled momentary happiness recorded by DRM. These results also strongly corroborate the results of recent studies on the uncertain geographic context problem (UGCoP) and partly explain the inconsistency in the results of past research.摘要：城市研究人员和地理学家对城市环境和幸福感之间关系的研究兴趣一直在增加。以前的研究大多集中在人们的长期整体幸福感上。然而，有限的证据表明短暂的幸福感与直接的城市环境有关。这项研究提供了这方面的新证据。144名生活在中国广州的参与者被要求通过生态瞬间评估（EMA）和日间重建法（DRM）反复自我报告他们的瞬间幸福感。微环境变量由便携式传感器捕捉，而建筑环境变量则通过将全球定位系统响应位置与客观空间数据相关联来捕获。结果表明，瞬间幸福感受即时微环境变量和建筑环境特征的影响，包括温度、噪声、PM2.5、人口、兴趣点密度、兴趣点类型和街道交叉口。另一方面，使用不同的环境单位尺度会影响结果。100米缓冲区的建筑环境和微环境对EMA记录的瞬间幸福感的解释力高于500米缓冲区的建筑环境。同样，环境影响的暂时性也会影响结果。城市环境特征对EMA记录的实时瞬间幸福感的解释力高于DRM记录的回忆瞬间幸福感。这些结果也有力地证实了最近关于不确定地理环境问题（UGCoP）的研究结果，并部分解释了过去研究结果的不一致性。Keywords: China, day reconstruction method, ecological momentary assessment, momentary happiness, urban environments关键词：中国, 日内重建法, 生态瞬间评估, 瞬间幸福感, 城市环境原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098020986499
A new framework for very large-scale urban modelling
Michael Batty
Richard Milton（伦敦大学学院）
Longfeng Wu（伦敦大学学院）
首次出版时间：2021/2/18｜研究论文
Abstract: The generation of ever-bigger data sets pertaining to the distribution of activities in cities is paralleled by massive increases in computer power and memory that are enabling very large-scale urban models to be constructed. Here we present an effort to extend traditional land use–transport interaction (LUTI) models to extensive spatial systems so that they are able to track increasingly wide repercussions on the location of population, employment and related distributions of spatial interactions. The prototype model framework we propose and implement called QUANT is available anywhere, at any time, at any place, and is open to any user. It is characterised as a set of web-based services within which simulation, visualisation and scenario generation are configured. We begin by presenting the core spatial interaction model built around the journey to work, and extend this to deal with many sectors. We detail the computational environment, with a focus on the size of the problem which is an application to a 8436 zone system comprising England, Scotland and Wales generating matrices of around 71 million cells. We detail the data and spatial system, showing how we extend the model to visualise spatial interactions as vector fields and accessibility indicators. We briefly demonstrate the implementation of the model and outline how we can generate the impact of changes in employment and changes in travel costs that enable transport modes to compete for travellers. We conclude by indicating that the power of the new framework consists of running hundreds of ‘what if?’ scenarios which let the user immediately evaluate their impacts and then evolve new and better ones.摘要：与城市活动分布相关的越来越大的数据集的产生，再加上计算机能力和存储器的巨大提升，使得我们能构建非常大规模的城市模型。在本文中，我们试图将传统的土地利用—交通交互（LUTI）模型扩展到广泛的空间系统，使之能追踪对人口、就业和空间相互作用的相关分布的日益广泛的影响。我们提出并实施的原型模型框架名为QUANT，它可以在任何地方、任何时间、任何地点使用，并且对任何用户开放。它的特征是一组基于网络的服务，其中配置了模拟、可视化和场景生成。我们从展示围绕工作通勤构建的核心空间交互模型开始，并将其扩展以处理众多部门。我们详细介绍了计算环境，重点是问题的规模，这是一个由英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士组成的8,436区域系统的应用，生成大约7,100万个单元的矩阵。我们详细介绍了数据和空间系统，展示了我们如何扩展模型，将空间交互可视化为矢量场和可访问性指标。我们简要展示了模型的实施，并概述了我们如何生成就业变化和出行成本变化的影响（这些使得各种交通模式对出行者而言具有竞争力）。我们的结论是，新框架的优势包括运行数百个“如果……则……”情形，让用户立即评估其影响，然后发展出新的、更好的方案。Keywords: infrastructure, networks, planning, simulation, technology/smart cities, transport, web-basedmedia关键词：基础设施, 网络, 规划, 模拟, 技术/智慧城市, 交通, 网络媒体原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098020982252Understanding policing demand and deployment through the lens of the city and with the application of big data
Mark Ellison（英国曼彻斯特城市大学）
以及其他三位共同作者
首次出版时间：2021/2/26｜研究论文
Abstract: The effective, efficient and equitable policing of urban areas rests on an appreciation of the qualities and scale of, as well as the factors shaping, demand. It also requires an appreciation of the factors shaping the resources deployed in their address. To this end, this article probes the extent to which policing demand (crime, anti-social behaviour, public safety and welfare) and deployment (front-line resource) are similarly conditioned by the social and physical urban environment, and by incident complexity. The prospect of exploring policing demand, deployment and their interplay is opened through the utilisation of big data and artificial intelligence and their integration with administrative and open data sources in a generalised method of moments (GMM) multilevel model. The research finds that policing demand and deployment hold varying and time-sensitive association with features of the urban environment. Moreover, we find that the complexities embedded in policing demands serve to shape both the cumulative and marginal resources expended in their address. Beyond their substantive policy relevance, these findings serve to open new avenues for urban criminological research centred on the consideration of the interplay between policing demand and deployment.摘要：有效、高效和公平的城市警务取决于对需求的性质和规模以及形成需求的因素的认识，还需要了解哪些因素决定了解决这些需求所需的资源部署。为此，本文探讨警务需求（犯罪、反社会行为、公共安全和福利）和部署（前线资源）在多大程度上同样受到社会和物理城市环境以及事件复杂性的制约。利用大数据和人工智能，以及它们在广义矩方法（GMM）多级模型中与行政和开放数据源的集成，我们有望探索监管需求、部署及其相互作用。研究发现，警务需求和部署与城市环境特征之间的关联具有差异性和时间敏感性。此外，我们发现，警务需求中蕴含的复杂性会决定用于解决这些需求的累积资源和边际资源。除了实质性的政策相关性之外，我们的研究结果还为以研究警务需求和部署之间的相互作用为中心的城市犯罪学研究开辟了新的途径。Keywords: anti-social behaviour, big data, crime, policing, public welfare and safety关键词：反社会行为, 大数据, 犯罪, 警务, 公共福利和安全原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098020981007The role of social capital in the collective-led development of urbanising villages in China: The case of Shenzhen中国城中村集体主导的发展中社会资本的作用：以深圳为例
De Tong（北京大学深圳研究院）
以及其他三位共同作者
首次出版时间：2021/2/26｜研究论文
Abstract: The ‘urbanising village’ is a uniquely Chinese urban form that emerged during the period of rapid urbanisation in the reform era. The absence of state governance in rural areas relegates considerable decision-making power to village collectives, and the social capital inherited from traditional rural villages may remain in place after villages are urbanised. To explore the role of social capital and its mobilisation in solving the land use challenges posed by the urbanisation of rural settlements, we analysed the growth processes of Huanggang village as a typical example of a ‘collective-led’ self-organised urbanising village in Shenzhen. Qualitative analysis using semi-structured interviews and abundant secondary data provides credible evidence that defining property rights through land titling is not the only way to achieve orderly development, safe and sanitary living conditions and efficient land use ininformal settlements. Social capital, measured by networks, norms and trust passed down among long-term acquaintances in rural villages, plays an important role in the development of communities. Village collectives can unite villagers and mobilise their social, cultural and material capital to compensate for the absence of formal governance institutions and government-provided community services. The implications of these findings suggest a new strategic pathway for managing urbanising villages in China and informal settlements in other developing countries.摘要：“城中村”是改革时代快速城市化时期出现的一种独特的中国城市形态。农村地区国家治理的缺失将相当大的决策权下放给了农村集体，从传统农村继承的社会资本在农村城市化后可能会保留下来。为了探讨社会资本及其动员在解决农村住区城市化带来的土地使用挑战方面的作用，我们分析了皇岗村作为深圳“集体主导”的自组织城中村的典型例子的增长过程。使用半结构化访谈和大量二手数据进行的定性分析提供了可信的证据，表明通过土地产权界定物业权利不是实现有序发展、安全和卫生的生活条件以及在非正规住区高效使用土地的唯一途径。社会资本（以农村长期熟人之间传递的网络、规范和信任来衡量）在社区发展中发挥着重要作用。村集体可以团结村民，动员他们的社会、文化和物质资本，以弥补正式治理机构和政府提供的社区服务的缺失。这些研究结果的意义在于为管理中国的城中村和其他发展中国家的非正规住区提出了一条新的战略途径。Keywords: built environment, collective-led development, governance, planning, social capital关键词：建筑环境, 集体主导的发展, 治理, 规划, 社会资本原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098021993353以上内容源自
Urban Studies 论文快递：第九十二期
Urban Studies 论文快递：第九十三期
Urban Studies 论文快递：第九十四期
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