期刊导航 | Urban Studies文章精选(121-124）

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Street markets, urban development and immigrant entrepreneurship: Unpacking precarity in Moore Street, Dublin

街头市场、城市发展和移民创业：揭开都柏林摩尔街的不稳定因素

Cristín Blennerhassett（爱尔兰都柏林大学）

Niamh Moore-Cherry（爱尔兰都柏林大学）

Christine Bonnin（爱尔兰都柏林大学）

首次出版时间：2021/9/28｜研究论文

Abstract: Traditional markets represent vital spaces of opportunity for livelihood-building, intercultural contact and for developing familiarity with the city. Yet, worldwide, markets are under pressure due to redevelopment agendas driven by neoliberalised forms of urban governance. Although precarious sites of occupation and employment, markets still maintain an attractiveness for immigrant micro-entrepreneurs as a foothold into the labour market and urban economy. Through a case study of the historic Moore Street market in central Dublin (Ireland), we explore the experiences of immigrant entrepreneurs. While these may be different in terms of their familiarity with the urban, institutional and regulatory landscapes, they are not entirely dissimilar from the experiences of longer-term traders in Moore Street. However what is evidentis how precarity is tactically exploited by new comer entrepreneurs for particular reasons. These traders prize the autonomy brought by market trading and use it as a meso-scale between low-paid waged employment and higher-level employment that may be out of reach for a variety of reasons. We argue that in examining urban precarity, increased attention should be paid to exploring the context-specific nature of the processes that give rise to it as well as the agentic capacity exercised to exploit it even within structural constraints.

摘要：传统市场带来了生计建设、跨文化接触和熟悉城市的重要机会空间。然而，在世界范围内，由于新自由主义城市治理形式推动的重建议程，这些市场正面临压力。尽管市场是不稳定的职业和就业场所，但作为进入劳动力市场和城市经济的立足点，其对移民微型创业者仍然保持着吸引力。通过对爱尔兰都柏林市中心历史悠久的摩尔街（Moore Street）市场的案例研究，我们探寻移民创业者的经历。虽然对城市、制度和监管环境的熟悉程度可能有所不同，但他们的经历与摩尔街长期商户的经历并非完全不同。然而，显而易见的是，新晋创业者会出于特定原因策略性地利用不稳定性。这些商户看重市场交易带来的自主权，并将其作为介乎低薪就业与由于各种原因遥不可及的高薪就业之间的中间选项。我们认为，在研究城市不稳定性时，应该更加注重探究产生这种不稳定性的过程的、特定于其背景的性质，以及在结构性约束下人们所发挥的能动性。

Keywords: Dublin, immigrant entrepreneurship, street markets, sustainable urban development, urban precarity

关键词：都柏林, 移民创业, 街头市场, 可持续城市发展, 城市不稳定性

原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980211040928

Spatialising urban health vulnerability: An analysis of NYC’s critical infrastructure during COVID-19

城市健康脆弱性的空间化：对COVID-19期间纽约市关键基础设施的分析

Gayatri Kawlra（美国哥伦比亚大学）

Kazuki Sakamoto（美国哥伦比亚大学）

首次出版时间：2021/10/1｜研究论文

Abstract: This paper examines how fragmentation of critical infrastructure impacts the spread of the coronavirus outbreak in New York City at the neighbourhood level. The location of transportation hubs, grocery stores, pharmacies, hospitals and parks plays an important role in shaping spatial disparities in virus spread. Using supervised machine learning and spatial regression modelling we examine how the geography of COVID-19 case rates is influenced by the spatial arrangement of four critical sectors of the built environment during the public health emergency in New York City: health care facilities, mobility networks, food and nutrition and open space. Our models suggest that an analysis of urban health vulnerability is incomplete without the inclusion of critical infrastructure metrics in dense urban geographies. Our findings show that COVID-19 risk at the zip code level is influenced by (1) socio-demographic vulnerability, (2) epidemiological risk, and (3) availability and access to critical infrastructure.

摘要：本文研究关键基础设施的碎片化对纽约市冠状病毒社区传播爆发的影响。交通枢纽、杂货店、药房、医院和公园的位置在决定病毒传播的空间差异方面起着重要作用。我们利用监督机器学习和空间回归模型，研究了在纽约市该突发公共卫生事件期间，新冠肺炎（COVID-19）发病率的地理分布如何受到建筑环境中四个关键要素的空间排列的影响，这四个要素即医疗保健设施、移动网络、食物和营养以及开放空间。我们的模型表明，如果不将密集城市地理中的关键基础设施指标包括在内，对城市健康漏洞的分析将是不完整的。我们的研究结果表明，邮政编码级别的新冠肺炎风险受（1）社会人口脆弱性、（2）流行病学风险和（3）关键基础设施的可用性和可访问性的影响。

Keywords: built environment, health, inequality, infrastructure, machine learning, social justice, spatial regression analysis

关键词：建筑环境, 健康, 不平等, 基础设施, 机器学习, 社会正义, 空间回归分析

原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980211044304

The cities we need: Towards an urbanism guided by human needs satisfaction

我们需要的城市：转向以满足人类需求为导向的城市化

Rodrigo Cardoso（荷兰代尔夫特理工大学）

Ali Sobhani（荷兰代尔夫特理工大学）

Evert Meijers（荷兰乌得勒支大学）

首次出版时间：2021/10/7｜研究论文

Abstract: This article proposes moving beyond the tyranny of economic imperatives towards a human needs-based framework to assess cities and envision their development. Existing calls for such a transition lack a foundation able to capture the various dimensions of human life in cities, which can be provided by the concept of human needs. We ask whether cities deliver satisfiers that make them good places to cater for the full range of human needs in a similar way to how they cater for economic needs. The article develops a framework that allows us to address that question. We show how the main debates in human needs theory are illustrated by urban phenomena, and search for a human needs model which is able to advance those debates and tackle the problem specifically in cities. Then we highlight the specifically urban aspects of needs satisfaction processes and construct a table of indicators to assess how cities fare in that respect, ensuring global comparability as to whether, as well as local contextualisation as to how, needs are satisfied.

摘要：本文建议超越经济需求的专制，转向基于人类需求的框架，以评估城市并展望其发展。对这种转变的现有呼吁缺乏能够捕捉城市中人类生活的各个方面的基础，而这可以由人类需求的概念提供。我们拷问城市是否能提供各种满足因素，使它们成为满足各种人类需求的好地方，其方式与它们满足经济需求的方式类似。本文制定了一个框架，使我们能够解决这个问题。我们展示了城市现象如何说明了人类需求理论中的主要辩论，并寻找能够推进这些辩论并专门解决城市问题的人类需求模型。然后，我们强调需求满足过程的具体城市方面，构建指标表来评估城市在这方面的表现如何，是否可以确保在需求是否被满足，以及满足需求的方式的当地情境化方面的全球可比性。

Keywords: agglomeration effects, human needs, quality of life, satisfiers, urban futures

关键词：集聚效应, 人类需求, 生活质量, 满足因素, 城市未来

原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980211045571

Transnational education zones: Towards an urban political economy of ‘education cities’

跨国教育区：走向“教育城市”的城市政治经济

Jana M. Kleibert（德国厄克纳莱布尼茨社会与空间研究所，德国柏林洪堡大学）

Alice Bobée（德国厄克纳莱布尼茨社会与空间研究所，德国柏林洪堡大学）

Tim Rottleb（德国厄克纳莱布尼茨社会与空间研究所，德国柏林洪堡大学）

Marc Schulze（德国厄克纳莱布尼茨社会与空间研究所，德国柏林洪堡大学）

首次出版时间：2020/12/18｜研究论文

Abstract: Prevalentnotions of ‘education cities’ and ‘education hubs’ are vaguely defined, operate at blurry scales and tend to reproduce promotional language. The article contributes to theorising the geographies and spaces of globalising higher education by developing the concept of transnational education zones. Through an urban political economy lens, we review the relations between universities and cities, consider universities’ role in the political economy and understand universities as transnational urban actors. We exhaustively map the phenomenon of transnational education zones and empirically analyse cases from four cities (Doha, Dubai, Iskandar and Flic en Flac) with respect to their embeddedness in state-led projects for the ‘knowledge economy’, their vision for transnational subject formation and their character as urban zones of exception. The conclusion develops a research agenda for further critical geographic inquiries into the (re)making of cities through the development of transnational spaces of higher education that explores the relations between globalising higher education and material and discursive transformations at the urban scale.

摘要：“教育城市”和“教育中心”的流行概念定义模糊，运作规模含混不清，且倾向于复制宣传语言。通过提出跨国教育区的概念，本文有助于建立高等教育全球化的地理和空间理论。通过城市政治经济学的视角，我们回顾大学与城市的关系，思考大学在政治经济中的作用，并把大学理解为跨国城市行为者。我们详尽地描绘了跨国教育区的现象，并对来自四个城市（多哈、迪拜、伊斯坎达尔和弗利康弗拉克）的案例进行了实证分析，涉及它们在国家主导的“知识经济”项目中的嵌入性、它们对跨国学科形成的愿景、以及它们作为城市例外区的特征。在结论部分，我们为通过发展跨国高等教育空间来打造（再造）城市的做法进行进一步的批判性地理研究制定了研究议程，该议程探讨全球化高等教育与城市层面的物质和话语变革之间的关系。

Keywords: agglomeration, economic processes, education, education cities, globalisation, international branch campus, place branding, urbanisation

关键词：集聚, 经济过程, 教育, 教育城市, 全球化, 国际分校, 场所品牌, 城市化

原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098020962418

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