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Delivering higher density suburban development: The impact of building design and residents’ attitudes
提供更高密度的郊区开发：建筑设计和居民态度的影响
Pablo Navarrete-Hernandez（意大利米兰理工大学）
Alan Mace（英国伦敦政治经济学院）
Jacob Karlsson（英国伦敦政治经济学院）等五位作者
首次出版时间：2021/8/25｜研究论文
Abstract: The urgent need for housing in London will be met almost exclusively through building on brownfield sites. While Inner and suburban Outer London are both home to a range of brownfield sites, the politics of delivering new housing varies between the two. First, Outer Londonis built at significantly lower density and therefore densification has a more noticeable impact. Second, many residents in Outer London value living at lower density and will see densification as undermining that which they value. Third, homeownership is more common in Outer London and as housing is the most significant asset for most homeowners any threat to its value is likely to be strongly resisted. Our research tests whether design can positively impact both the perception and acceptability of densification. For this, we run a randomised control trial presenting 939 Outer London residents with simulated images representing different design features. We find that the effects of building design are limited and relate almost exclusively to low and medium density options. Our research shows that vernacular design can make some increase in density acceptable but for significantly higher density the influence of design declines. As density increases, the perception and acceptability of density are more influenced by people’s views on, for example, the extent of London’s housing crisis. This indicates that planners and politicians must reach beyond design and seek to better inform and persuade residents about housing need if the impasse on densification is to be overcome.摘要：伦敦对住房的迫切需求将几乎完全通过在棕地上的建设来满足。虽然内伦敦和作为郊区的外伦敦都有一系列棕地，但两者开发新住房的政策是不同的。首先，外伦敦的建筑密度要低得多，因此密集化造成的影响更明显。其次，外伦敦的许多居民注重低密度的生活，认为密集化会破坏他们所珍惜的东西。第三，自有住房在外伦敦更为普遍，而且由于住房是大多数房主最重要的资产，任何对其价值的威胁都可能受到强烈抵制。我们的研究测试了设计是否能对密集化的感知和接受度产生积极的影响。为此，我们开展了一项随机对照试验，向939名外伦敦居民展示了代表不同设计特征的模拟图像。我们发现，建筑设计的影响是有限的，而且几乎只与中低密度方案有关。我们的研究表明，乡土设计可以使一些增加密度的做法变得可以接受，但是对于显著的高密度建筑，设计的影响就会下降。随着密度的增加，人们对密度的看法和接受度更多地受到人们对伦敦住房危机程度等观点的影响。这表明，如果要打破密集化的僵局，规划者和政治家必须超越设计，努力更好地就住房需求向居民传达相关讯息并说服这些居民。
Keywords: density, housing crisis, housing design, London, suburbs
关键词：密度, 住房危机, 住房设计, 伦敦, 郊区
原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980211036633
Locked down by inequality: Older people and the COVID-19 pandemic
封锁的不平等：老年人和COVID-19大流行
Chris Phillipson（英国曼彻斯特大学）等七位共同作者Abstract: This paper develops the argument that post-COVID-19 recovery strategies need to focus on building back fairer cities and communities, and that this requires a strong embedding of ‘age-friendly’ principles to support marginalised groups of older people, especially those living in deprived urban neighbourhoods, trapped in poor quality housing. It shows that older people living in such areas are likely to experience a ‘double lockdown’ as a result of restrictions imposed by social distancing combined with the intensification of social and spatial inequalities. This argument is presented as follows: first, the paper examines the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on older people, highlighting how the pandemic is both creating new and reinforcing existing inequalities in ageing along the lines of gender, class, ethnicity, race, ability and sexuality. Second, the paper explores the role of spatial inequalities in the context of COVID-19, highlighting how the pandemic is having a disproportionate impact on deprived urban areas already affected by cuts to public services, the loss of social infrastructure and pressures on the voluntary sector. Finally, the paper examines how interrelated social inequalities at both the individual and spatial level are affecting the lives of older people living in deprived urban neighbourhoods during the pandemic. The paper concludes by developing six principles for ‘age-friendly’ community recovery planning aimed at maintaining and improving the quality of life and wellbeing of older residents in the post-pandemic city.
摘要：本文提出了这样一种观点，即后疫情时代的经济复苏战略需要侧重于建设更公平的城市和社区，而这又需要大力贯彻“关爱老年人”的原则，支持边缘化的老年人群体，特别是那些生活在贫困的城市社区、受困于劣质住房的老年人。我们表明，由于保持人际距离的要求以及社会和空间不平等的加剧，生活在这些地区的老年人可能会经历“双重封锁”。我们的论证如下：首先，本文探讨了新冠肺炎对老年人不成比例的影响，强调疫情如何在性别、阶级、族裔、种族、能力和性方面造成新的老龄化不平等、并加剧现有的老龄化不平等。其次，本文探讨空间不平等在新冠肺炎背景下的影响，强调疫情如何对贫困城市地区产生不成比例的影响，这些地区原本就已经受到了公共服务削减、社会基础设施损失和对志愿者服务部门的压力的影响。最后，本文探讨在疫情期间，个人和空间层面的社会不平等（两者相互交织）如何影响生活在贫困城市社区的老年人的生活。本文最后提出了“关爱老年人”的社区恢复规划的六项原则，这些原则旨在维持和改善后疫情时代城市老年居民的生活质量和福祉。
Keywords: age-friendly cities, ageing populations, austerity, COVID-19, deprived neighbourhoods, older people, social exclusion, social inequality
关键词：关爱老年人的城市, 老龄化人口, 紧缩, 新冠肺炎, 贫困社区, 老年人, 社会排斥, 社会不平等
原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980211041018
Generational variations in the timing of entry into homeownership in Shanghai: The role of family formation and family of origin
上海购房时机的代际差异：家庭组成和原生家庭的作用
Abstract: Radical housing reform has triggered tremendous changes in both housing supply and housing demand in China over the past four decades, leading to apparent generational fractures in homeownership. In contrast to the rising age of first dwelling purchasers in some Western countries, younger cohorts in China are entering homeownership at increasingly younger ages despite rising housing prices. Based on a retrospective survey conducted in Shanghai in 2018 and 2019, this study examines the changing roles of family formation and parental background in affecting the timing of entering homeownership across different cohorts. Employing event history analyses, this study demonstrates that transitions to first homeownership have become synchronised with family formation among younger cohorts, which implies the social norm of ‘marital home’. Furthermore, the results reveal that parental background is increasingly influential in determining the timing of first home purchase; men and individuals from one-child families are more likely to be the beneficiary of parental help to enter homeownership. Through the lens of cohort, this study contributes to understanding the changing role of family formation and family of origin, which are shaped by institutional and cultural transformations in China. The intensified intergenerational transmission leads to exacerbation of horizontal housing inequality, that is, some achieving homeownership at a younger age while others being shunned from homeownership in the context of worsening housing affordability.摘要：过去40年来，激进的住房改革引发了中国住房供应和住房需求的巨大变化，导致住房所有权出现明显的代际断裂。与一些西方国家首次购房年龄的上升形成对比的是，尽管房价不断上涨，但中国的年轻群组拥有住房的年龄越来越年轻化。基于2018年和2019年在上海进行的一项回顾性调查，本研究考察了家庭构成和父母背景对不同人群买房时间的影响。运用事件历史分析，本研究表明，年轻群组的第一套住房购置与其组建家庭已同步，这意味着“婚房”已成为社会常态。此外，研究结果显示，父母背景对首次购房时间的影响越来越大；在买房方面，来自独生子女家庭的男性和个人更有可能获得父母的帮助。通过群组的视角，本研究有助于理解中国制度和文化变革所塑造的家庭构成和原生家庭的角色变化。代际传递的加剧导致横向住房不平等的加剧，也就是说，一些人在较年轻时就拥有住房，而另一些人在住房可负担性恶化的情况下被排斥在拥有住房之外。
Keywords: cohort difference, family formation, family of origin, first-time homeownership, sibship
关键词：群组差异, 家庭组成, 原生家庭, 首次拥有住房, 兄弟姐妹关系
原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980211040947
Not too close, not too far: Urbanisation and life satisfaction along the urban hierarchy不太近也不太远：城市等级制度下的城市化与生活满意度
Camilla Lenzi（意大利米兰理工大学）
Giovanni Perucca（意大利米兰理工大学）
首次出版时间：2020/11/06｜研究论文
Abstract: Empirical evidence on the effect of urbanisation on individual self-reported well-being generally points to a negative effect of urbanisation and city size, at least in most developed economies. This article aims to re-assess this conclusion by claiming that this approach overlooks the fact that a city’s positive externalities may expand well beyond the urban boundaries, as postulated in urban economics theory. Based on survey data on self-reported life satisfaction derived from different waves of Eurobarometer surveys in the period 2005–2010 covering 21 European Union member countries, the article empirically verifies the existence of a positive association between urbanisation and individual well-being, depending on the proximity to settings of higher rank in the urban hierarchy. In particular, it shows that the higher the distance from a city larger than the one of residence of the respondent, the lower the probability of being satisfied with life.摘要：关于城市化对个人自我报告的幸福感影响的经验证据普遍指出，至少在大多数发达经济体中，城市化和城市规模的影响是负面的。本文旨在重新评估这一结论，我们主张，这种方法忽视了一个事实，即一个城市的正外部性可能远远超出城市经济学理论所假定的城市边界。基于2005—2010年期间涵盖21个欧盟成员国的、不同波次的欧洲晴雨表（Eurobarometer）调查所得出的自我报告生活满意度调查数据，本文实证验证了城市化与个人幸福感之间存在正相关关系，但这取决于是否接近城市等级中较高等级的环境。特别是，研究结果表明，受访者所居住的城市离更大的城市越远，其对生活满意的概率越低。
Keywords: agglomeration, borrowed size, cohesion, development, diversity, life satisfaction, segregation, urbanisation
关键词：集聚, 规模借用, 凝聚力, 发展, 多样性, 生活满意度, 隔离, 城市化
原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098020962397
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