期刊导航 | Urban Studies文章精选(104-107）

为了更好地传播知识，推动期刊国际合作，本刊与 Urban Studies 杂志达成网络合作，不定期推送友刊的精选文章摘要。读者们可以借此了解国际城市研究的新动向，同时学习城市研究领域学术英文的正规表达。欢迎大家批评指正。

Understanding the global ecosystem of city networks

了解城市网络的全球生态系统

Michele Acuto（澳大利亚墨尔本大学）

Benjamin Leffel（美国加州大学欧文分校）

首次出版时间：2020/7/7｜研究论文

Abstract: Cities are formalising collaborations across borders at an unprecedented rate: ‘city networks’ now form a wide ecosystem of global partnerships between local authorities that is often underestimated. It might be time to think of city networks more explicitly as institutionalised and presenting a challenging form of more-than-local urban governance. To do so, our essay mixes a review of the overall global landscape (beyond the environmental sector where most of the literature is to be found), with both a network analysis of how these institutions work as a web of connections, as well as an ‘inside out’ view of how they are managed and what the challenges of that are. We do this by analysing a database of 202 of these networks, both statistically as well as via social network analysis. We find that: international initiatives are on the rise, but this context of partnerships has a well-established history, producing a wealth of information and outputs and offering a complex organisational landscape for cities to reach out beyond their local confines. We measure the relationship this has to the integration of cities into the global economy, the pathways it opens for further internationalisation of city leadership and the patterns of partnership with business and international organisations that it implies.

摘要：城市正以前所未有的速度将跨境协作正式化：“城市网络”现在形成了地方当局之间广泛的全球合作生态系统，但这一点往往被低估。将城市网络更明确地视为一个制度化的事物，并提出一种超越地方的、挑战性的城市治理形式的时机或许已经成熟了。为此，本文将两个方面相结合，一个方面是回顾全球整体局面（超越大多数文献所关注的环境领域），另一个方面是对这些制度如何作为一个联系网络起作用的网络分析，以及对它们如何被管理和面临哪些挑战的“由内而外”的观察。我们的方法是分析一个202个此类网络的数据库，既包括统计分析，又包括社交网络分析。我们发现：国际倡议正在兴起，但这种伙伴关系有着悠久的历史，产生了丰富的信息和产出，并为城市提供了一个复杂的组织环境，使其能够超越当地的局限。我们衡量了这方面与城市融入全球经济之间的关系，其为城市领导力的进一步国际化开辟的道路，以及其所蕴含的与企业和国际组织的伙伴关系模式。

Keywords: city networks, globalisation, governance, networks, social network analysis

关键词：城市网络, 全球化, 治理, 网络, 社会网络分析

原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098020929261

Repopulating density: COVID-19 and the politics of urban value

重组人口密度：COVID-19和城市价值政治

Colin McFarlane（英国杜伦大学）

首次出版时间：2021/6/9｜研究论文

Abstract: How might concepts of ‘value’ and ‘population’ illuminate the present and future of urban density? The COVID-19 pandemic prompted a public debate on density in the city. While some initially blamed density for the spread of the virus, others rightly cautioned against those claims. As the pandemic progressed, an imaginary of density-as-pathology gave way to a more nuanced geographical understanding of the urban dimensions of the crisis, focused on connections, spatial conditions, domestic ‘overcrowding’ and poverty. Throughout, an interrogation and reflection on urban density and its future unfolded, throwing into question the historical relationship between ‘value’ and ‘population’ in understandings of density. Iargue for a new politics of value based on shifts in three interconnected domains – governance, form and knowledge – and identify implications for research on density in urban studies.

摘要：“价值”和“人口”的概念对于城市密度的现在和未来而言有何意义呢？新冠肺炎大流行引发了关于城市人口密度的公开辩论。虽然有些人最初将病毒的传播归咎于密度，但也有人正确地对这类说法提出了警告。随着疫情的发展，那种“密度即病理”的想法让位于在城市层面对这次危机的更细致入微的地理认知，这种认知强调联系、空间条件、家庭“过度拥挤”和贫困等因素。贯穿始终的是，本文对城市密度及其未来进行了追问和反思，并对“价值”和“人口”在密度理解方面的历史关系提出了质疑。我主张基于三个相互关联领域（治理、形式和知识）转变的新价值政治，并确定了城市研究中密度研究的意义。

Keywords: COVID-19, density, overcrowding, population, value

关键词：新冠肺炎, 密度, 拥挤, 人口, 价值

原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980211014810

The taming of chaos: Optimal cities and the state of the art in urban systems research

混乱的驯服：最优城市和城市系统研究的最新进展

Linnet Taylor（荷兰蒂尔堡大学）

首次出版时间：2021/6/10｜研究论文

Abstract: What can urban big data research tell us about cities? While studying cities as complex systems offers a new perspective on urban dynamics, we should dig deeper into the epistemological claims made by these studies and ask what it means to distance the urban researcher from the city. Big data research has the tendency to flatten our perspective: it shows us technology users and their interactions with digital systems but does sooften at the expense of the informal and irregular aspects of city life. It also presents us with the city as optimisable system, offering up the chance to engineer it for particular forms of efficiency or productivity. Both optimisation itself, and the process of ordering of the city for optimisation, confer political and economic power and produce a hierarchy of interests. This commentary advocates that researchers connect systems research to questions of structure and power. To do this requires a critical approach to what is missing, what is implied by the choices about which data to collect and how to make them available, and an understanding of the ontologies that shape both the data sets and the urban spaces they describe.

摘要：关于城市，城市大数据研究能告诉我们一些什么呢？虽然将城市作为复杂系统进行研究为城市动力学提供了一个新的视角，但我们应更深入地挖掘这些研究提出的认识论主张，并追问“让城市研究者与城市保持距离”意味着什么。大数据研究倾向于使我们的视角扁平化：它向我们展示了技术用户及其与数字系统的互动，但这样做往往是以忽略城市生活的非正规和不规则方面为代价的。它还向我们展示了作为一个可优化系统的城市，提供了为特定形式的效率或生产力而改造城市的机会。无论是优化本身，还是为了优化而对城市进行安排的过程，都赋予了政治和经济权力，并产生了利益等级。本评论主张研究者将系统研究与结构和权力问题联系起来。要做到这一点，需要一个关键的方法来理解存在哪些缺失，选择收集哪些数据以及如何提供数据意味着什么，以及塑造数据集及其所描述的城市空间的本体论。

Keywords: big data, urban systems research, mobile phones, transport, optimization

关键词：大数据, 城市系统研究, 手机, 交通, 优化

原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980211012838

Urban scaling in rapidly urbanising China

快速城市化下的中国城市规模

Weiqian Lei（武汉大学）

Limin Jiao（武汉大学）

Gang Xu（武汉大学）

Zhengzi Zhou（伦敦大学学院）

首次出版时间：2021/6/14｜研究论文

Abstract: Understanding the scaling characteristics in China is critical for perceiving the development process of rapidly urbanising countries. This paper conducts a comprehensive scaling analysis with quantitative assessment of a large number of diverse urban indicators of 275 Chinese cities. Our findings confirm that urban scaling laws can also be applied to rapidly urbanising China but demonstrate some unique features echoing its distinct urbanisation. Chinese urban population agglomeration results in more effective economic production but the economies of scale for infrastructure are less obvious. Some urban indicators associated with infrastructure and living facilities surprisingly scale super-linearly with urban population size, contrary to expected sublinear scaling behaviours. In developing countries, different-sized cities have diverse agglomeration, industrial and resource allocation advantages, which can be reflected by scaling exponents. We characterise these unique features in detail, exploring the spatial disparities and temporal evolution of scaling exponents (β). Strong regional variations and differences are particularly pronounced in Northeast China and the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration. Scaling exponent variations over time reflect the temporal evolution of the urban system and measure the coordination and balance of urbanisation. Economic output was most efficientin 2009 and β of GDP was slightly greater than 1.15 in recent years. Urban land expansion has been accelerating since 2000 with β remaining around 0.85–0.90. The study of urban scaling in China is enlightening in elaborating the uniqueness and coordination of urban development in rapidly urbanising countries and provides support in formulating differentiated urban planning for different-sized cities to promote coordinated development.

摘要：理解中国的规模特征对于理解快速城市化国家的发展过程至关重要。本文对中国275个城市的大量不同城市指标进行了定量评估和综合规模分析。我们的研究结果证实，城市规模法则也可以应用于快速城市化的中国，但中国显示出一些与其独特的城市化进程相对应的独特特征。中国城市人口集聚导致更有效的经济生产，但基础设施的规模经济不太明显。与预期的次线性比例相反，一些与基础设施和生活设施相关的城市指标与城市人口规模呈现出惊人的超线性比例。在发展中国家，不同规模的城市具有不同的集聚、产业和资源配置优势，这可以通过规模指数来反映。我们详细描述了这些独特的特征，并探讨规模指数（β）的空间差异和时间演化。东北地区和京津冀城市群的地区差异尤其明显。规模指数随时间的变化反映了城市系统的时间演变，并衡量城市化的协调与平衡。2009年的经济产出效率最高，近几年国内生产总值的β值略高于1.15。自2000年以来，城市土地扩张一直在加速，β保持在0.85-0.90左右。中国城市规模的研究对阐述快速城市化国家城市发展的独特性和协调性具有启发意义，并为不同规模城市制定差异化城市规划以促进协调发展提供了支持。

Keywords: agglomeration effects, Chinese urban system, economies of scale, rapidly urbanising country, urban scaling laws

关键词：集聚效应, 中国城市体系, 规模经济, 快速城市化国家, 城市规模规律

原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980211017817

Cities in a post-COVID world

后新冠疫情世界中的城市

Richard Florida（加拿大多伦多大学）

Andrés Rodríguez-Pose（伦敦政治经济学院）

Michael Storper（伦敦政治经济学院）

首次出版时间：2021/6/27｜研究论文

Abstract: This paper examines the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic and its related economic, fiscal, social and political fallout on cities and metropolitan regions. We assess the effect of the pandemic on urban economic geography at the intra- and inter-regional geographic scales in the context of four main forces: the social scarring instilled by the pandemic; the lockdown as a forced experiment; the need to secure the urban built environment against future risks; and changes in the urban form and system. At the macrogeographic scale, we argue the pandemic is unlikely to significantly alter the winner-take-all economic geography and spatial inequality of the global city system. At the microgeographic scale, however, we suggest that it may bring about a series of short-term and some longer-running social changes in the structure and morphology of cities, suburbs and metropolitan regions. The durability and extent of these changes will depend on the timeline and length of the pandemic.

摘要：本文研究新冠肺炎大流行的影响及其对城市和大都市地区造成的相关经济、财政、社会和政治后果。我们在四种主要力量的背景下，在区域内和区域间地理规模上评估大流行对城市经济地理的影响。这四种力量为：大流行造成的社会创伤；作为一种强迫实验的封锁；确保城市建筑环境免遭未来风险之害的必要性；以及城市形态和系统的变化。在宏观地理规模上，我们认为大流行不太可能显著改变赢家通吃的经济地理和全球城市体系的空间不平等。然而，在微观地理规模上，我们认为它可能会给城市、郊区和大都市地区的结构和形态带来一系列短期的、以及某些长期的社会变化。这些变化的持久性和程度将取决于大流行的时间表和长度。

Keywords: cities, COVID-19, pandemic, remote work, urban structure

关键词：城市, 新冠肺炎, 大流行, 远程工作, 城市结构

原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980211018072

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