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The Janus-faced genius of citiesChristof Parnreiter（德国汉堡大学）Abstract: Departing from Storper’s (2013) notion of a ‘genius of cities’ but extending the concept from agglomeration economies to inter-city networks and the built environment as foundations of cities’ genius, I argue that cities’ genius is Janus-faced. My contention is that cities’ specific environments not only breed all the ‘good’ innovations that drive innovation and growth but they also generate the ‘bad’ ones, which allow for the development of the means of exploitation. Cities are, as a result of their very properties, key places for the organisation of uneven development.摘要：本从斯托尔珀（Storper, 2013）的“城市天才”概念出发，但将这一概念从集聚经济扩展到城际网络和建筑环境，作为城市天才的基础。基于此，我认为城市天才具有两面性。我的论点是，城市的特殊环境不仅孕育了所有推动创新和增长的“好”创新，而且还产生了“坏”创新，这些坏创新带来的是翻新的剥削手法。由于城市本身的特性，城市是不公平发展形成的关键场所。
Keywords: agglomeration/urbanisation, built environment, inequality, networks, theory, uneven development
关键词：集聚/城市化, 建筑环境, 不平等, 网络, 理论, 不公平发展
原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980211007718
The crowd and citylife: Materiality, negotiation and inclusivity at Tokyo’s train stations人群和城市生活：东京火车站的物质性、谈判性和包容性Romit Chowdhury（荷兰伊拉斯姆斯大学学院）Abstract: In the history of urban thought, density has been closely indexed to the idea of citylife. Drawing on commuters’ experiences and perceptions of crowds in and around Tokyo’s Shinjuku Station, this article offers an ethnographic perspective on the relationship between urban crowds and life in the city. We advance understandings of the relations between the crowd and citylife through three categories of ‘crowd relations’ – materiality, negotiation and inclusivity – to argue that the multiplicity of meanings which accrue to people’s encounters with crowds refuses any a priori definitions of optimum levels of urban density. Rather, the crowd relations gathered here are evocations of citylife that take us beyond the tendency to represent the crowdas a particular kind of problem, be it alienation, exhaustion or a threshold for ‘good’ and ‘bad’ densities. The portraits of commuter crowds presented capture the various entanglements between human and non-human, embodiment and mobility, and multiculture and the civic, through which citylife emerges as a mode of being with oneself and others.摘要：在城市思想史上，密度与城市生活的理念密切相关。根据通勤者对东京新宿站内和周围人群的体验和看法，本文提供了一个关于城市人群与城市生活之间关系的人类学视角。我们通过三类“人群关系”——物质性、协商性和包容性——来推进对人群和城市生活之间关系的理解，以证明人们与人群接触所产生的多重意义否定了任何关于城市密度最佳水平的先验定义。相反，本文所探讨的人群关系是城市生活的写照，它让我们超越了将人群描述为一个特殊问题（无论是异化、耗尽还是“好”和“坏”密度的门槛）的倾向。展示的通勤人群的肖像捕捉到了人类和非人类、化身和流动性、多元文化和市民文化之间的各种纠葛，通过这些纠葛，城市生活成为一种与自己和他人相处的模式。
Keywords: citylife, crowds, density, Tokyo, transport
关键词：城市生活, 人群, 密度, 东京, 交通
原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980211007841
Manufacturing urbanism: Improvising the urban–industrial nexus through Chinese economic zones in Africa工业城市化：非洲中国开发区临时凑成的城市—工业连接Abstract: The relationship between industrialisation and urban development is subject to assumptions based on experiences in the global North, with little research on how it plays out in countries undergoing urbanisation and industrialisation today. In the context of recent excitement about China’s role in stimulating an ‘industrial revolution’ in Africa, we examine how Chinese zones in Ethiopia and Uganda are influencing the urban–industrial nexus. We argue that Chinese zones are key sites of urban–industrial encounter, but these dynamics are not primarily driven by the government officials that dominate the ‘policy mobilities’ literature, nor by the State-Owned Enterprises usually associated with Chinese activity overseas. Rather, they are emerging through the activities of inexperienced private Chinese actors who do not even operate in the worlds of urban policy. Faced with government histories and capacities that vastly differ from China’s, directly replicating the Chinese experience is virtually impossible; yet the tentative and improvisational relationships between Chinese firms, African government authorities and other local actors are gradually moulding new urbanisms into shape. The piecemeal bargaining and negotiation that unfolds through these relationships bridges some of the gaps between industrialisation and planning, but this cannot compensate for the governance of the urban–industrial nexus at higher scales.摘要：工业化和城市发展之间的关系受制于基于全球北方经验的假设，很少有人研究这种关系在当前正经历城市化和工业化的国家是如何展开的。在最近人们为中国在刺激非洲“工业革命”中的作用感到兴奋的背景下，我们研究了中国在埃塞俄比亚和乌干达的开发区是如何影响城市与工业之间关系的。我们认为，中国的开发区是城市与工业交汇的关键场所，但这些动态主要不是由主导“政策流动性”文献的政府官员推动的，也不是由通常与中国海外活动相关的国有企业推动的。相反，它们是通过经验不足的中国私人行为者的活动发生的，这些行为者甚至不在城市政策的范围内起作用。面对与中国截然不同的政府历史和能力，直接复制中国的经验几乎是不可能的；然而，中国企业、非洲政府当局和其他当地行为者之间的试验性和即时性关系正在逐渐塑造新的城市化。通过这些关系展开的零敲碎打的讨价还价和谈判弥合了工业化和规划的一些缺口，但这并不能弥补城市－工业关系在更高层面上的治理的缺失。
Keywords: Africa, Chinese investment, development, economic processes, infrastructure, policy, special economic zones, urbanization
关键词：非洲, 中国投资, 发展, 经济进程, 基础设施, 政策, 经济特区, 城市化
原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980211007800
The constitution of the city and the critique of critical urban theoryAbstract: A theoretical account of the genesis and internal spatial structure of cities is given. The essence of the urbanisation process is described in terms of the following main developmental phases: (a) the emergence of relationships based on specialisation and interdependence insociety; (b) the pre-eminent role of the division of labour within these relationships and its recomposition in dense spatial nodes of human activity; and (c) the concomitant formation of the networked intra-urban spaces of the city. These phases are then contextualised within three intertwined dimensions of urban materiality, namely, an internal dimension (the internal organisation and spatial dynamics of the city), a socially ambient dimension (the relational structure of society at large) and an exogenous dimension (the geographic outside of the city). In light of this account, an evaluative review of what I designate ‘the new critical urban theory’ is carried out, with special reference to planetary urbanisation, postcolonial urban theory and comparativist methodologies. I argue that while every individual city represents a uniquely complex combination of social conjunctures, there are nonetheless definite senses in which urban phenomena are susceptible to investigation at the highest levels of theoretical generality.摘要：本文从理论上阐述了城市的起源和内部空间结构。城市化进程的本质可以分以下几个主要发展阶段来描述：(a) 基于社会专业化和相互依存关系的出现；(b) 劳动分工在这些关系中的突出作用及其在人类活动密集空间节点中的重组；以及 (c) 伴随形成的城市内部网络空间。然后，这些阶段被置于城市物质性的三个相互交织的维度中，即内部维度（城市的内部组织和空间动态）、社会环境维度（整个社会的关系结构）和外部维度（城市外部的地理环境）。基于这一叙述，本文对我所谓的“新批判城市理论”进行了评价性回顾，特别是全球城市化、后殖民城市理论和比较主义方法论。我认为，虽然每个城市都代表着一个独特而复杂的社会事件组合，但在某些特定的意义上，城市现象很容易在理论普遍性的最高层面上进行研究。Keywords: agglomeration, division of labour, planetary urbanisation, postcolonial urbanism, urban land nexus, urban theory
关键词：集聚, 分工, 全球城市化, 后殖民城市化, 城市土地关系, 城市理论
原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980211011028
Neighbourhood places, collective efficacy and crime: A longitudinal perspectiveJonathan Corcoran（澳大利亚昆士兰大学）Anthony Kimpton（澳大利亚昆士兰大学）Rebecca Wickes（澳大利亚莫纳什大学）Abstract: Neighbourhood places like shops, cafes and parks support a variety of social interactions ranging from the ephemeral to the intimate. Repeated interactions at neighbourhood places over time lay the foundation for the development of social cohesion and collective efficacy. In this study, we examine the proposition that changes in the presence or arrangement of neighbourhood places can destabilise social cohesion and collective efficacy, which has implications for crime. Using spatially integrated crime, social survey and parcel-level land-use classification data, we estimate mixed effects panel models predicting changes in theft and nuisance crimes across 147 Australian neighbourhoods. The findings are consistent with neighbourhood social control and crime opportunity theories. Neighbourhood development – indicated by fewer vacant properties and fewer industrial and agricultural sites – is associated with higher collective efficacy and less crime over time. Conversely, introducing more restaurants, transit stations and cinemas is associated with higher theft and nuisance over time regardless of neighbourhood collective efficacy. We argue that the addition of socially conducive places can leave neighbourhoods vulnerable to crime until new patterns of sociability emerge and collective efficacy develops.摘要：商店、咖啡馆和公园等邻里场所支持各种各样的社交互动，既有短暂的，也有亲密的。随着时间的推移，邻里之间的反复互动为社会凝聚力和集体效能的发展奠定了基础。在本研究中，我们研究这样一个命题，即邻里场所是否存在、如何安排方面的变化会破坏社会凝聚力和集体效能，从而对犯罪产生影响。利用空间整合型犯罪、社会调查和地块级别的土地使用分类数据，我们建立了一个混合效应面板模型，预测澳大利亚147个街区盗窃和妨害犯罪的变化。这些发现与邻里社会控制和犯罪机会理论相吻合。随着时间的推移，邻里发展（表现为空置房产减少、工业和农业用地减少）与更高的集体效能和更少的犯罪相关。相反，随着时间的推移，引入更多的餐馆、公交站点和电影院会导致更高的盗窃和妨害犯罪，无论街区的集体效能如何。我们认为，在新的社交模式出现和集体效能得到发展之前，增加方便社交的场所会使社区容易受到犯罪的伤害。Keywords: built environment, collective efficacy, community, crime/social order, neighbourhood, public space, social interaction关键词：建筑环境, 集体效能, 社区, 犯罪/社会秩序, 邻里/街区, 公共空间, 社交互动原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980211008820
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