为了更好地传播知识，推动期刊国际合作，本刊与《城市研究》（Urban Studies）杂志达成网络合作，不定期推送友刊的精选文章摘要。读者们可以借此了解国际城市研究的新动向，同时学习城市研究领域学术英文的正规表达。欢迎大家批评指正。The increasing emission
divide between cities of the Global North and Global South: Towards adjustable
mitigation scenarios at the city level
全球北部和南部城市之间日益扩大的排放差距：在城市层面实现可调整的缓解方案Yosef Jabareen（以色列理工学院）
Abstract: The emission divide between large
developed and developing cities is increasing, making it unlikely that the
Paris Agreement will be met. Herein, we examine how the 424 largest cities
globally, each with one million or more residents, contribute to the global
emissions gap and examine the increasing emission divide between developed and
developing cities. We find that 302 cities lack emissions data, and the overall
emission rate has been increasing at an average of 7.9% per annum. Furthermore,
only 31 cities have achieved reductions in the emissions gap, all of which are
cities in the developed world. Even though cities are responsible for ∼75% of global CO2 emissions, science lacks practical policies for
mitigation where resources are scarce. Accordingly, we propose new policy
directions to lessen this divide, and we urge the development of city-oriented
mitigation science and practical policies to help cities around the world
develop specific mitigation policies based on their economic feasibility.摘要：大型发达城市和发展中城市之间的排放差距正在扩大，《巴黎协定》的目标似乎很难实现。在本论文中，我们考察了全球424个大型城市（每个城市都有100万以上的居民），研究了这些城市在全球排放差距方面起到了怎样的作用，并研究了发达城市和发展中城市之间日益扩大的排放差距。我们发现有302个城市缺乏排放数据，总体排放率一直在以平均每年7.9%的速度增长。此外，只有31个城市实现了排放差距的缩小，这些城市都是发达国家的城市。尽管全球排放的二氧化碳中75%都来自于城市，但在资源稀缺的情况下，实际的缓解政策缺乏科学性。因此，我们提出了缩小这种差距的新政策方向，并呼吁发展以城市为导向的缓解科学和实用政策，以帮助世界各地的城市根据其经济可行性制定具体政策。Keywords: adaptation, developing cities,
environment/sustainability, mission gap, mitigation, policy关键词：适应, 发展中城市, 环境/可持续性, 排放差距, 缓解, 政策原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980231152846
Using natural language
processing to construct a National Zoning and Land Use Database利用自然语言处理构建国家分区和土地利用数据库
Matthew Mleczko（美国普林斯顿大学）
Matthew Desmond（美国普林斯顿大学）
首次出版时间：2023/3/16｜研究论文
Abstract: In the United States, zoning and
land use policies have been linked to high housing costs and residential
segregation. Yet almost all zoning and land use data come from a handful of
cross-sectional surveys, which are costly, time intensive, subject to low
response rates and measurement error and are quickly dated. As an alternative,
we constructed a National Zoning and Land Use Database using natural language
processing techniques on publicly available administrative data. We show this
new database and our parsimonious measure of exclusionary zoning, the Zoning
Restrictiveness Index, to be consistent with the Wharton Residential Land Use
Regulatory Index (2018) and the National Longitudinal Land Use Survey (2019).
Additionally, we overcome other limitations of these survey approaches, both by
capturing previously omitted and important elements of land use policy and by
revealing the land use regulations for a near-universe of municipalities in the
San Francisco and Houston metropolitan statistical areas. We make all code and
data publicly available, allowing the National Zoning and Land Use Database to
be replicated in future years to ensure accurate, up-to-date and longitudinal
nationwide zoning and land use data.摘要：美国的分区制和土地利用政策与高昂的住房成本和居住隔离有关。然而，几乎所有关于分区制和土地利用的数据都来自少数横断面调查，这些调查成本高、耗时长、响应率低、有测量误差，而且很快就会过时。所以，我们使用自然语言处理技术对公开可用的行政数据加以处理，另外构建了“国家分区和土地利用数据库”。在本文中，我们展示了这个新数据库，以及我们所采用的排他分区的简效指标，即分区限制指数，该指数与沃顿商学院住宅用地监管指数（2018年）和国家纵向土地使用调查（2019年）一致。此外，通过输入以前遗漏的重要土地利用政策要素，并揭示旧金山和休斯顿大都市统计区几乎所有自治市的土地利用法规，我们克服了这些调查方法的其他局限性。我们公开所有代码和数据，允许在未来几年复制“国家分区和土地利用数据库”，以确保获得准确、最新和纵向的全国分区和土地利用数据。Keywords: housing, land use, natural
language processing, zoning关键词：住房, 土地利用, 自然语言处理, 分区制原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980231156352
Urbanizing degrowth:
Five steps towards a Radical Spatial Degrowth Agenda for planning in the face
of climate emergency反增长上的城市发展：面对气候紧急情况制定激进的空间反增长至上议程的五个步骤
Angelos Varvarousis（西班牙巴塞罗那大学）Federico Demaria（西班牙贝拉泰拉巴塞罗那自治大学环境科学与技术学院）首次出版时间：2023/3/21｜研究论文
Abstract: We call for coupling degrowth
with urban studies and planning agendas as an academically salient and
politically urgent endeavour. Our aim is threefold: to explore ways for
‘operationalising’ degrowth concepts into urban and regional everyday spatial
practices; to sketch pathways for taking degrowth conceptually and
methodologically beyond localised experiments and inform larger scale planning
practices and international agendas; and to critically assess the multiple ways
in which such a radical urban degrowth agenda will have to differ in the Global
North and in the Global South. We outline five steps for such a programmatic,
yet paradigmatic, urban degrowth agenda. These are: (1) grounding current
degrowth debates within their historical–geographical context; (2) engaging
(planning) institutions in linking degrowth practices to urbanisation policies;
(3) examining how urban insurgent degrowth alliances can be scaled up without
co-optation; (4) focusing on the role of experts and professionals in bringing
degrowth principles into everyday urban practice; and (5) prefiguring how
degrowth agendas can confront the diverse and unequal urban social relations
and uneven outcomes in the Global North and South.摘要：我们呼吁将反增长至上与城市研究和规划议程结合起来，这是一项学术上十分重要，政治上十分紧迫的工作。我们的目标有三个：探索将反增长至上概念应用到城市和区域日常空间实践中的方法；勾勒出在概念上和方法上超越本地化实验的反增长至上路径，并为更大规模的规划实践和国际议程提供参考；以及批判性地评估这种激进的城市反增长至上议程在发达国家和发展中国家所需的多个方面的差异。对于这样一个有计划，却又典型化的城市反增长至上议程，我们概述了其五个步骤。这五个步骤是：(1) 将当前的反增长至上辩论置于其历史地理背景下；(2) 让（规划）机构参与将反增长至上实践与城市化政策联系起来的过程；(3) 考查如何在不妥协的前提下扩大城市反增长至上反抗联盟；(4) 关注在将反增长至上原则应用于日常城市实践的过程中专家和专业人士的作用；(5) 预想在全球北方和全球南方，反增长至上议程如何面对各种不平等的城市社会关系以及不平等的结果。Keywords: degrowth, imaginaries, planning,
postgrowth, urban political ecology关键词：反增长至上, 想象, 规划, 后增长, 城市政治生态学原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980231162234
* 原中文摘要和关键词将degrowth翻译为“去增长”，我刊认为degrowth针对的是过去多年来的“增长至上”论，因此“反增长至上”可能是更好的翻译。
Discontinuous structure
of regional and subregional urban systems: Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France (1800–2015)区域和次区域城市系统的不连续结构：法国新阿基坦（1800–2015）
Aurélie Lalanne（法国波尔多大学）
Shana Sundstrom（美国内布拉斯加大学林肯分校）
Ahjond Garmestani（美国埃默里大学）
首次出版时间：2022/11/6｜研究论文
Abstract: In the prevailing literature in
urban economics, conducting research on urban systems at the national scale
tends to provide an elegant but reductive approach to the functioning of these
systems, assuming, in particular, that city size distributions are continuous.
Based on an alternative framework drawing from research in ecology and complex
adaptive systems, this article questions this approach by testing the
discontinuity hypothesis within regional urban systems in France using two
methods and long-term census data (1800–2015). We found that the distribution
of city sizes over the 200+ years of population data from the
Nouvelle-Aquitaine region was discontinuous for every year of data. The
distributions consist of groups of similarly sized cities, separated by gaps
(discontinuities) where there are no cities at all. The location and number of
discontinuities were conservative over time, suggesting that the processes
shaping size classes are conservative and largely independent of societal
disturbances such as wars. The two methods used to identify discontinuities
were highly congruent. Finally, the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region is comprised of
three former regions, Aquitaine, Limousin and Poitou-Charentes, each of which
also had discontinuous city size distributions with conservative structures
over time. The study results question the traditional expectations about the
growth and development of urban systems.摘要：城市经济学的主流文献表明，在全国范围内对城市系统进行研究，往往会为这些系统的运转提供一种简练且简化的方法，尤其是在连续的城市规模分布的情况下。基于一个来源于生态学和复杂的适应系统研究的替代框架，本文通过使用两种方法和长期人口普查数据（1800-2015年）测试法国区域城市系统内的不连续性假设，从而对这种方法提出质疑。我们发现，新阿基坦（Nouvelle-Aquitaine）地区200多年人口数据中的城市规模分布每年都是不连续的。分布图由规模相近的城市组成的群构成，由完全没有城市的缺口（不连续处）分隔。随着时间的推移，不连续处的位置和数量是保守的，这表明影响规模等级的进程是保守的，并且在很大程度上独立于社会干扰，如战争。用于识别不连续处的两种方法高度一致。最后，新阿基坦地区由以前的三个地区组成，即阿基坦（Aquitaine）、利穆赞（Limousin）和普瓦图-夏朗德（Poitou-Charente），一段时间后，每个地区的城市规模分布也变得不连续，结构较为保守。研究结果对城市体系增长和发展的传统期望提出了质疑。Keywords: agglomeration, city size distribution, demographics, method, urbanisation, urban
systems关键词：聚居地，城市规模分布，人口统计学，方法，城市化，城市体系原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980221129801
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