刊讯｜SSCI 期刊《语料库语言学与语言学理论》2023年19卷第1-3期

Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory

Volume 19, Issue 1-3, June 2023

Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory（SSCI二区，2022 IF：1.6）2023年第1-3期共发文19篇，均为研究型论文。研究论文涉及语料库语言学、多维度分析、语言登记、语序、口语性、近代英语、荷兰语、概率语法、功能、语言变异、情境参数、文本、贝叶斯混合效应逻辑回归、西班牙语及动因性等。欢迎转发扩散！（2023年已更完）

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目录

ARTICLES

ISSUE 1

■ Register variation and corpus linguistics: empirical findings and emerging theories. Special issue introduction of Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory in honor of Douglas Biber, by Jesse Egbert, Bethany Gray, Tove Larsson, Pages 1-5.

■ Register in corpus linguistics: the role and legacy of Douglas Biber, by Susan Conrad, Pages 7-21.

■ Clausal and phrasal coordination in recent American English, by Merja Kytö, Erik Smitterberg, Pages 23-46.

■ Register variation explains stylometric authorship analysis, by Jack Grieve, Pages 47-77.

■ A variationist perspective on the comparative complexity of four registers at the intersection of mode and formality, by Benedikt Szmrecsanyi, Alexandra Engel, Pages 79-113.

■ Linguistic variation within registers: granularity in textual units and situational parameters, by Jesse Egbert, Marianna Gracheva, Pages 115-143.

ISSUE 2

■ Transitivity on a continuum: the transitivity index as a predictor of Spanish causatives, by Gustavo Guajardo, Pages 145-175.

■ Modelling incipient probabilistic grammar change in real time: the grammaticalisation of possessive pronouns in European Spanish locative adverbial constructions, by Matti Marttinen Larsson, Pages 177-206.

■ The theme-recipient alternation in Chinese: tracking syntactic variation across seven centuries, by Yi Li, Benedikt Szmrecsanyi, Weiwei Zhang, Pages 207-235.

■ Inferring case paradigms in Koalib with computational classifiers, by Nicolas Quint, Marc Allassonnière-Tang, Pages 237-269.

■ The distribution of /w/ and /ʍ/ in Scottish Standard English, by Zeyu Li, Ulrike Gut, Pages 271-287.

■ Towards a dynamic behavioral profile of the Mandarin Chinese temperature term re: a diachronic semasiological approach, by Meili Liu, Pages 289-321.

ISSUE 3

■ An improved test of the constant rate hypothesis: late Modern American English possessive have, by Richard Zimmermann, Pages 323-352.

■ In search of lost space, by Daniel Rojas Plata, Noé Alejandro Castro Sánchez, Pages 353-370.

■ Comparing the functional range of English to be to German sein: a test of the boundary permeability hypothesis, by Thomas Berg, Pages 371-396.

■ Register variation remains stable across 60 languages, by Haipeng Li, Jonathan Dunn, Andrea Nini, Pages 397-426.

■ Alternation phenomena and language proficiency: the genitive alternation in the spoken language of EFL learners, by Tanguy Dubois, Magali Paquot, Benedikt Szmrecsanyi, Pages 427-450.

■ “Thank you for the terrific party!” – An analysis of Hungarian negative emotive words, by Martina Katalin Szabó, Veronika Vincze, Károly Bibok, Pages 451-485.

■ Parts of speech and the placement of Targets in the corpus of languages in northwestern Iran, by Hiwa Asadpour, Pages 487-522.

摘要

Register variation and corpus linguistics: empirical findings and emerging theories. Special issue introduction of Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory in honor of Douglas Biber

Jesse Egbert, Applied Linguistics, Department of English, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA

Bethany Gray, English, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
Tove Larsson, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, USA

Abstract Doug Biber is one of the most influential scholars in the field of linguistics. In particular, no scholar has contributed more to the field of register studies than Doug. The publication of Doug’s 1988 book Variation across Speech and Writing—an extension of his 1984 dissertation research—was a watershed moment for research on register variation, for corpus linguistics, and for descriptive linguistics generally. In order to produce the empirical findings included in that book, Doug developed (i) a state-of-the-art part of speech tagger, the current version of which is referred to as the Biber Tagger (see Biber 1988: Appendix II, Biber 2006a, Biber et al. 2021c: Section 1.2); (ii) a novel quantitative methodology, now known as multi-dimensional (MD) analysis (see Biber and Conrad 2019; Conrad and Biber 2001; Sardinha and Pinto 2019); and (iii) a conceptual and methodological framework for register analysis, now called the TxtLx (text-linguistic) approach to register variation. The TxtLx approach uncovers generalizable patterns of quantitative linguistic variation through corpus-based methods (based on the analysis of each text in the corpus) and explains these patterns relative to the communicative functions of features and the situational characteristics of registers (see Biber 2019; Biber et al. 2021a).

Register in corpus linguistics: the role and legacy of Douglas Biber

Susan Conrad, Applied Linguistics, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA

Abstract This article provides an overview of Douglas Biber’s work on register and his central role in establishing register as both an empirical focus and a theoretical construct in corpus linguistics. I identity four general phases of his work. Each has a slightly different emphasis, but each also advances intertwined threads of research that lead to an increased understanding of register variation. Biber’s work has made major contributions to distinct areas within the study of registers, from cross-linguistic speech-writing differences to English grammar, but he has advanced the field especially by integrating the findings from different areas. He has offered conceptualizations of register that account for findings from multiple areas of study, and he continues to refine the conceptualization as he engages in new lines of inquiry today.

Key words corpus linguistics; multi-dimensional analysis; register

Clausal and phrasal coordination in recent American English

Merja Kytö, Department of English, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

Erik Smitterberg, Department of English, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

Abstract Several studies have shown that there is considerable cross-genre variation as regards what linguistic units tend to be coordinated by and . While literate, expository writing favors coordination of phrasal units such as noun phrases, coordinated units are more often clausal (e.g., main or subordinate clauses) in speech-related texts. This difference has been attested in studies that focus exclusively on coordination as well as in macro-level studies of co-variation among a large number of linguistic features. However, this register differentiation has increased over time: studies of Early and Late Modern English point to less pronounced differences among registers than those attested in the present-day language. This study fills a gap in research by considering data on coordination by and from the middle of the 20th century, a period that does not belong fully to either Late Modern or Present-Day English, and the late 20th and early 21st century, and thus ties diachronic and synchronic research on register variation in coordination together. We also examine language from films and television in order to complement historical findings for speech-related language with data on registers that arose in the 20th century.

Key words coordination; orality; recent English

Register variation explains stylometric authorship analysis

Jack Grieve, Department of English Language and Linguistics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Alan Turing, Institute, London, UK

Abstract For centuries, investigations of disputed authorship have shown that people have unique styles of writing. Given sufficient data, it is generally possible to distinguish between the writings of a small group of authors, for example, through the multivariate analysis of the relative frequencies of common function words. There is, however, no accepted explanation for why this type of stylometric analysis is successful. Authorship analysts often argue that authors write in subtly different dialects, but the analysis of individual words is not licensed by standard theories of sociolinguistic variation. Alternatively, stylometric analysis is consistent with standard theories of register variation. In this paper, I argue that stylometric methods work because authors write in subtly different registers. To support this claim, I present the results of parallel stylometric and multidimensional register analyses of a corpus of newspaper articles written by two columnists. I demonstrate that both analyses not only distinguish between these authors but identify the same underlying patterns of linguistic variation. I therefore propose that register variation, as opposed to dialect variation, provides a basis for explaining these differences and for explaining stylometric analyses of authorship more generally.

Key words coordination; orality; recent English

A variationist perspective on the comparative complexity of four registers at the intersection of mode and formality

Benedikt Szmrecsanyi, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Alexandra Engel, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Abstract In this paper, we operationalize register differences at the intersection of formality and mode, and distinguish four broad register categories: spoken informal (conversations), spoken formal (parliamentary debates), written informal (blogs), and written formal (newspaper articles). We are specifically interested in the comparative probabilistic/variationist complexity of these registers – when speakers have grammatical choices, are the probabilistic grammars regulating these choices more or less complex in particular registers than in others? Based on multivariate modeling of richly annotated datasets covering three grammatical alternations in two languages (English and Dutch), we assess the complexity of probabilistic grammars by drawing on three criteria: (a) the number of constraints on variant choice, (b) the number of interactions between constraints, and (c) the relative importance of lexical conditioning. Analysis shows that contrary to theorizing in variationist sociolinguistics, probabilistic complexity differences between registers are not quantitatively simple: formal registers are consistently the most complex ones, while spoken registers are the least complex ones. The most complex register under study is written-formal quality newspaper writing. We submit that the complexity differentials we uncover are a function of acquisitional difficulty, of on-line processing limitations, and of normative pressures.

Key words Dutch; English; probabilistic grammar; register; variation

Linguistic variation within registers: granularity in textual units and situational parameters

Jesse Egbert, Applied Linguistics, Northern Arizona University Department of English, Flagstaff, AZ, USA

Marianna Gracheva,Applied Linguistics, Northern Arizona University Department of English, Flagstaff, AZ, USA

Abstract Register studies have focused on accounting for linguistic variation between culturally recognized register categories. This comparative approach to register has consistently demonstrated that culturally recognized register categories can predict language variation at all linguistic levels. Nevertheless, it has also been shown by previous research that even the most well-established register categories have substantial internal linguistic variation. We propose that at least some of this unexplained variance could be the result of how a text is defined, as well as whether and how researchers account for situational variables within registers. We present four case studies that explore the extent to which linguistic variation within registers is influenced by the definition of the textual unit and the situational parameters. We show that the functional correspondence between situation and language use exists even within register categories and discuss the theoretical and methodological implications of these findings for register research.

Key words function; linguistic variation; register; situational parameters; texts

Transitivity on a continuum: the transitivity index as a predictor of Spanish causatives

Gustavo Guajardo,  Department of Culture and Language, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway

Abstract This paper contributes to the study of transitivity as a general property of the clause. Unlike most previous work on the subject, however, transitivity in the present article is used to study a lexical alternation, namely the two causative predicates dejar ‘let’ and hacer ‘make’ in Spanish. To do this, I use the transitivity index (TI), a weighted continuous measure of transitivity based on Hopper and Thompson’s (1980, transitivity in grammar and discourse, Language 56, 251–299) transitivity parameters. The advantage of the TI is that it assigns different weights to each of the transitivity parameters and it is therefore sensitive to the particular construction it is applied to. I show that the TI can correctly predict the two Spanish causatives dejar ‘let’ and hacer ‘make’ with 80% accuracy and demonstrate that hacer is associated with higher transitivity contexts. In addition, linguistic features of the causer such as grammatical person and number are found to help distinguish between the two predicates. The finding that a lexical alternation can be reduced to a difference in transitivity raises important questions regarding the structure of the lexicon and the type of information it may contain.

Key words Bayesian mixed-effects logistic regression; causatives; random forests; Spanish; transitivity

Modelling incipient probabilistic grammar change in real time: the grammaticalisation of possessive pronouns in European Spanish locative adverbial constructions

Matti Marttinen, Larsson Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden

Abstract The present paper provides a methodological case study on how underlying incipient grammar change might be discerned even when frequencies of the incoming variant are apparently marginal and stable. Analysing the spread of tonic possessive pronouns in complements of locative adverbial constructions in European Spanish from a probabilistic perspective, more than 11,000 locative constructions from 1900 to 2004 were compiled, and probabilistic grammar change was operationalised as an interactive function between language-internal predictors and real time. The results reveal that numerous intralinguistic factors have been and are active in constraining the variation, with the innovation spreading significantly in spite of apparent stability in frequency. Crucially, the findings demonstrate that, even in a relatively standardised written language where the innovation has a considerably low frequency, the innovation grammaticalises along the same pathway as in colloquial vernaculars where the incoming variant is employed much more frequently.

Key words Keywords: grammaticalisation; incipient change; morphosyntax; possessive pronouns; probabilistic grammar change

The theme-recipient alternation in Chinese: tracking syntactic variation across seven centuries

Yi Li,   Department of Linguistics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Benedikt Szmrecsanyi, Department of Linguistics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Weiwei Zhang, Department of Linguistics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Institute of Linguistics, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China

Abstract Previous research has tracked the history of the theme-recipient alternation (or: “dative” alternation) in Chinese, but few studies have embedded their analysis in a probabilistic variationist framework. Against this backdrop, we explore the language-internal and language-external factors that probabilistically influence the alternation between theme-first and recipient-first ordering in a large diachronic corpus of Chinese writing (1300s–1900s). Our analysis reveals that the recipient-first variant is consistently more frequent than its competitor and even more common in more recent texts than in older texts. Regression analysis also suggests that there are stable linguistic constraints (i.e., animacy and definiteness of theme) and fluid constraints (i.e., end-weight, recipient animacy). Notably, the diachronic instability of end-weight and animacy points to cross-linguistic parallels for ditransitive constructions, including the English dative alternation. We thus contribute to theory building in variationist linguistics by advancing the field’s knowledge about the comparative fluidity versus stability of probabilistic constraints.

Key words Keywords: animacy; Chinese; dative alternation; end-weight; probabilistic grammar; regression model; theme-recipient alternation

Inferring case paradigms in Koalib with computational classifiers

Nicolas Quint, LLACAN UMR8135, CNRS/INALCO/EPHE, Paris/Villejuif, France

Marc Allassonnière-Tang, MNHN/CNRS/Université de Paris, Paris, France

Abstract The object case inflection in Koalib (Niger-Congo) represents complex patterns that involve phoneme position, syllable structure, and tonal pattern. Few attempts have been made with qualitative and quantitative approaches to identify the rules of the object case paradigms in Koalib. In the current study, information on phonemes, tones, and syllables are automatically extracted from a Koalib sample of 2,677 lexemes. The data is then fed to decision-tree-based classifiers to predict the object case paradigms and extract the interactive patterns between the variables. The results improve the predicting accuracy of existing studies and identify the case paradigms predicted by linguistic hypotheses. New case paradigms are also found by the computational classifiers and explained from a linguistic perspective. Our work demonstrates that the combination of linguistic theoretical knowledge with machine learning techniques can become one of the methodological approaches for linguistic analyses.

Key words Keywords: decision trees; Koalib; object case; rules; tone

The distribution of /w/ and /ʍ/ in Scottish Standard English

Zeyu Li,   Department of English Linguistics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; College of Foreign Languages, Nankai University, Tianjin, China

Ulrike Gut, Department of English Linguistics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany

Abstract The Scottish English phoneme inventory is generally claimed to have a /ʍ/-/w/ contrast, although several studies have suggested that this historical contrast is weakening for Scottish English speakers in the urban areas of Glasgow, Edinburgh and Aberdeen. Little is known about whether the /ʍ/-/w/ contrast is maintained in supraregional Scottish Standard English (SSE). This study sets out to explore, based on the phonemically transcribed ICE-Scotland corpus, the distribution of [ʍ] and [w] in SSE, their acoustic properties and potentially influencing social and language-internal factors. A total of 1,241tokens were extracted from the corpus, together with a matching number oftokens, and the median of harmonicity was measured. The results show that [ʍ] and [w] produced for words beginning withare acoustically distinct from [w] produced for words beginning with. [ʍ] is relatively frequent in SSE, but most speakers use both [ʍ] and [w] interchangeably forand some never use [ʍ]. The realisation ofas [ʍ] is determined by preceding phonetic context and speaker gender.

Key words Keywords: /ʍ/-/w/ contrast; harmonicity; ICE-Scotland; Scottish Standard English

Towards a dynamic behavioral profile of the Mandarin Chinese temperature term re: a diachronic semasiological approach

Meili Liu,   Faculty of Public Service and Administration, Ningbo College of Health Sciences, Ningbo, China; Department of Linguistics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Abstract This study adopts a corpus-based behavioral profile approach, combining multifactorial usage-feature analysis with frequency-based quantitative analysis, to investigate the diachronic semasiological variation of the Mandarin Chinese temperature term 热 re ‘hot’. The result shows a dynamic behavioral profile, i.e., both the usage patterns and the semasiological structural weight of senses have been constantly shifting. The semasiology of re has been becoming more and more diversified over time. Methodologically, this study extends the traditional behavioral profile approach—hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis by applying multiple correspondence analysis and corroborating its validity in accounting for and visualizing the multifactorial nature of semasiological change of lexical items. Theoretically, the present study not only corroborates basic assumptions of usage-based cognitive semantics (e.g., non-discreteness, non-equality of senses, and bodily experience) but also complements it by demonstrating that sociocultural factors also play an important role in semasiological boundary variation of a lexical item.

Key words Keywords: behavioral profile; Chinese; correspondence analysis; lexical semantics; semantic change; semasiology; temperature terms

An improved test of the constant rate hypothesis: late Modern American English possessive have

Richard Zimmermann,  The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

Abstract The Constant Rate Hypothesis (CRH) predicts that a linguistic innovation should spread at identical rates of change in all grammatical contexts in which it is used (Kroch 1989. Reflexes of grammar in patterns of language change. Language Variation and Change 1(3). 199–244). Weaknesses in previous tests of the CRH are identified. A new study is conducted that improves upon them. It utilizes a syntactic change in late Modern American English possessive have , which altered its realization in the grammar-theoretically related contexts negation, inversion, VP-adjunction and VP-ellipsis. Data sets are collected from the Corpus of Historical American English (Davies 2010. The corpus of historical American English: 400 million words, 1810-2009. http://corpus.byu.edu/coha/ (accessed 10 September 2016)) and analyzed with mixed-effects logistic regression models. The statistical analysis reveals that it is indeed plausible to assume that each of the contexts innovates the use of possessive have at the same speed. Implications of the findings for the CRH are discussed.

Key words Keywords: big data; constant rate hypothesis; corpus linguistics; diachronic syntax; late Modern English; mixed-effects logistic regression; possessive have; syntactic change

In search of lost space

Daniel Rojas Plata, Computer Science Department, TecNM/Cenidet, Cuernavaca, Mexico

Noé Alejandro Castro Sánchez, Computer Science Department, TecNM/Cenidet, Cuernavaca, Mexico

Abstract This paper analyzes the semantics of the French and Spanish prepositions en from the point of view of diachrony. We focus on the spatial variation of their usage in both languages. Our methodological approach is based on a corpus analysis. We draw on comparable ancient texts and analyze some semantic categories that are fundamental for the spatial description. Our results reveal a fairly active evolution of prepositions with increases and decreases of usage where we did not expect them.

Key words Keywords: corpus based analysis; French; historical semantics; prepositions; Spanish

Comparing the functional range of English to be to German sein: a test of the boundary permeability hypothesis

Thomas Berg, Department of English, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany

Abstract The boundary permeability hypothesis views language as a system of categories which are more or less rigidly separated from one another. In previous work on grammatical categories, English was characterized as a soft boundary and German as a strict boundary language. This project presents a test of the prediction that English to be has a wider functional range than its German counterpart sein . The range of these verbs is determined on the basis of a bidirectional translation study. English to be is translated by a larger variety of lexical verbs in German while sein is translated by a smaller number of lexical verbs in English. In fact, the translation equivalents of sein form a subset of those of to be . Moreover, to be plays a much larger role in constructions such as there is and it is than sein does. The boundary permeability hypothesis views this structural difference and the wider semantic range of to be as two sides of the same coin. It is suggested that English is a more speaker-friendly language than German.

Key words Keywords: auxiliaries; boundary permeability; contrastive linguistics; semantic range

Register variation remains stable across 60 languages

Haipeng Li,  Department of Linguistics, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand; New Zealand Institute for Language, Brain and Behaviour, Christchurch, New Zealand

Jonathan Dunn,   Linguistics and English Language, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; New Zealand Institute for Language, Brain and Behaviour, Christchurch, New Zealand
Andrea Nini, Linguistics and English Language, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

Abstract This paper measures the stability of cross-linguistic register variation. A  register is a variety of a language that is associated with extra-linguistic context. The relationship between a register and its context is functional: the linguistic features that make up a register are motivated by the needs and constraints of the communicative situation. This view hypothesizes that register should be universal, so that we expect a stable relationship between the extra-linguistic context that defines a register and the sets of linguistic features which the register contains. In this paper, the universality and robustness of register variation is tested by comparing variation within versus between register-specific corpora in 60 languages using corpora produced in comparable communicative situations: tweets and Wikipedia articles. Our findings confirm the prediction that register variation is, in fact, universal.

Key words Keywords: communicative situation; cross-linguistic variation; homogeneity; register similarity; register variation

Alternation phenomena and language proficiency: the genitive alternation in the spoken language of EFL learners

Tanguy Dubois,  Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Magali Paquot,  Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
Benedikt Szmrecsanyi,  KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Abstract This study investigates how foreign language proficiency, which previous corpus-based research on alternation phenomena has largely ignored, influences the choice of genitive variant ( the tail of the dog/the dog’s tail ) in learners of English as a Foreign Language. The data stems from the Trinity Lancaster Corpus, a three-million-word corpus featuring spoken language from low-intermediate to advanced learners of English from several L1 backgrounds. The collected genitive observations were annotated for various constraints such as the length, animacy, definiteness and discourse status of the constituents and then analyzed via mixed-effects logistic regression. The results show that although native speakers and learners are remarkably similar, low-proficiency learners are less sensitive to possessor definiteness and possessor animacy, the latter of which is otherwise the strongest constraint of the genitive alternation.

Key words Keywords: EFL; genitive alternation; proficiency; SLA

“Thank you for the terrific party!” – An analysis of Hungarian negative emotive words

Martina Katalin Szabó,  Department of Software Engineering, University of Szeged Faculty of Science and Informatics, Szeged, Csongrád County, Hungary; Institute of Informatics, University of Szeged, Hungary; Computational Social Science – Research Center for Educational and Network Studies (CSS-RECENS), Centre for Social Sciences, Budapest, Hungary

Veronika Vincze, ELKH-SZTE Research Group on Artificial Intelligence, Szeged, Hungary
Károly Bibok, Department of Russian Philology, University of Szeged Faculty of Arts, Szeged, Csongrád County, Hungary

Abstract The term negative emotive word refers to those words that, on their own, i.e. without context, have a semantic content that may be associated with negative emotion, but sometimes they lose it partly or wholly. In the literature negative emotive words are mainly discussed within the group of intensifiers, e.g. awfully good. In the present paper, we call this phenomenon polarity loss . At the same time, there is another use of negative emotive words that is rarely discussed in the literature, namely the case where the examined word, despite its negative semantic content, expresses a positive evaluation of the speaker, e.g. brutális alaplap (lit. ‘brutal motherboard’ – ‘high quality motherboard’). We call this phenomenon polarity shift . The aim here is to thoroughly examine the two different phenomena on the basis of the data of a Hungarian speech corpus HuTongue. After an in-depth analysis of the qualitative and quantitative features of negative emotive words, we propose corresponding ways of their meaning representations, using a lexical pragmatic approach and the concept of enantiosemy.

Key words Keywords: corpus analysis; enantiosemy; lexical pragmatics; negative emotive words; polarity losers; polarity shifters

Parts of speech and the placement of Targets in the corpus of languages in northwestern Iran

Hiwa Asadpour, Department of Linguistics, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Norbert-Wollheim-Platz 1, Sekretariat der Linguistik des IEAS, Frankfurt, 60323 Hesse, Germany

Abstract This study applies a corpus-based quantitative approach to the word order typology and linguistic theories about word order in several genetically unrelated language varieties in northwestern Iran, such as Mukri Kurdish, Northeastern Kurdish and Armenian (Indo-European), Jewish Neo-Aramaic (Semitic), and Azeri Turkic (Turkish). Despite the difference in the default position of the direct object, the existing corpora of published and personal field data of narrative free speech demonstrate that these languages share the clause-final position of Targets predominantly (e.g., physical and metaphorical goals, recipients, addressees, and resultant-states) in their word order. Yet, Targets are more flexible in Mukri Kurdish, Northeastern Neo-Aramaic, and Azeri Turkic, whereas they are less flexible in Armenian and Northeastern Kurdish. Among various factors relevant to the placement of Targets, morphosyntactic features such as parts of speech exhibit constraints and clear preferences in the pre- and postverbal placement of Targets.

Key words Keywords: corpus analysis; parts of speech; postverbal position; target placement; word order variation

期刊简介

Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory (CLLT) is a peer-reviewed journal publishing high-quality original corpus-based research focusing on theoretically relevant issues in all core areas of linguistic research, or other recognized topic areas. It provides a forum for researchers from different theoretical backgrounds and different areas of interest that share a commitment to the systematic and exhaustive analysis of naturally occurring language. Contributions from all theoretical frameworks are welcome but they should be addressed at a general audience and thus be explicit about their assumptions and discovery procedures and provide sufficient theoretical background to be accessible to researchers from different frameworks.

《语料库语言学与语言理论》（CLLT）是一本同行评审的期刊，致力于发表高质量的原创基于语料库的研究，专注于语言研究所有核心领域的理论相关问题，或其他公认的主题领域。本刊为来自不同理论背景和不同研究兴趣领域的研究者提供了一个论坛，这些研究者共同致力于自然语言的系统性和彻底的分析。欢迎所有理论框架下的来稿。来稿应针对普通读者，并因此对其假设和发现程序明确表述，并提供足够的理论背景，以便不同框架的研究者能够理解。

Topics 主题

• Corpus Linguistics 语料库语言学

• Quantitative Linguistics 计量语言学

• Phonology 音系学

• Morphology 形态学

• Semantics 语义学

• Syntax 句法学

• Pragmatics 语用学

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