语言教学 | 普渡大学写作教学系列Research&Citation38-MLA Abbreviations
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MLA Style
MLA Abbreviations
There are a few common trends in abbreviating that you should follow when using MLA, though there are always exceptions to these rules. For a complete list of common abbreviations used in academic writing, see Section 1.6 in the MLA Handbook (8th ed.).
Uppercase letter abbreviations
Do not use periods or spaces in abbreviations composed solely of capital letters, except in the case of proper names:
US, MA, CD, HTML
C. S. Lewis, P. D. James, E. B. White
unless the name is only composed of initials:
FDR, MLK
Lowercase letter abbreviations
Use a period if the abbreviation ends in a lowercase letter, unless referring to an Internet suffix, where the period should come before the abbreviation:
assn., conf., Eng., esp.
.com, .edu, .gov (URL suffixes)
Note: Degree names are a notable exception to the lowercase abbreviation rule.
PhD, EdD, PsyD
Use periods between letters without spacing if each letter represents a word in common lowercase abbreviations:
a.m., e.g., i.e.
Other notable exceptions:
mph, rpm, ns, lb
Abbreviations in citations
Condense citations as much as possible using abbreviations.
Time Designations
Remember to follow common trends in abbreviating time and location within citations. Month names longer than four letters used in journal and magazine citations should be abbreviated:
Jan., Feb., Mar., Apr., Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec.
Geographic Names
Use geographic names of states and countries. Abbreviate country, province, and state names.
Logan, UT; Manchester, Eng.; Sherbrooke, QC
Scholarly Abbreviations
The MLA Handbook (8th ed.) encourages users to adhere to the common scholarly abbreviations for both in-text citations and in the works-cited page. Here is the list of common scholarly abbreviations from Section 1.6.2 of the MLA Handbook (8th ed.) with a few additions:
anon. for anonymous
c. or ca. for circa
ch. for chapter
dept. for department
e.g. for example
ed. for edition
et al. for multiple names (translates to "and others")
fwd. for foreword
i.e. for that is
jour. for journal
lib. for library
no. for number
P for Press (used for academic presses)
p. for page, pp. for pages
par. for paragraph when page numbers are unavailable
qtd. in for quoted in
rev. for revised
sec. or sect. for section
ser. for series
trans. for translation
U for University (for example, Purdue U)
UP for University Press (for example, Yale UP or U of California P)
var. for variant
vol. for volume
Publisher Names
Cite publishers’ names in full as they appear on title or copyright pages. For example, cite the entire name for a publisher (e.g. W. W. Norton or Liveright Publishing).
Exceptions:
Omit articles and business abbreviations (like Corp., Inc., Co., and Ltd.).
Use the acronym of the publisher if the company is commonly known by that abbreviation (e.g. MLA, ERIC, GPO). For publishers who are not known by an abbreviation, write the entire name.
Use only U and P when referring to university presses (e.g. Cambridge UP or U of Arkansas P)
For more information on scholarly abbreviations, see Section 1.6.3 of the MLA Handbook (8th ed.). See also the following examples:
U of California P
MIT P
Utah State UP
Teachers College P
Chronicle Books
Vintage Books
McGraw-Hill
Little, Brown
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