每日法律英语词条(11):Punitive /exemplary /vindictive damages
每日法律英语词条每日精选一个重要的法律英语词条,和梳理这个词条的含义和相关判例。
Punitive damages is a sum of money awarded to a plaintiff in a civil lawsuit not to compensate for harm suffered but to punish the defendant’s wrongful conduct and deter similar conduct in the future.
惩罚性赔偿是在民事诉讼中判给原告的一笔款项,其目的不是赔偿原告遭受的伤害,而是惩罚被告的不法行为,并阻吓被告将来进行类似行为。
Such damages are not compensatory in nature and extend beyond the general principle of damages that the injured person should be place, so far as money can do, in the position he or she would have been in had the tort not been committed. The court should not refuse exemplary damages by taking into account the financial position of the defendant.
该损害赔偿不属补偿性质,并引伸适用于损害赔偿的一般原则以外,即在金钱所能达到的情况下,应使受伤害的人处于倘若被告人并无作出该项侵权行为而他本应会身处的处境。法院不应因顾及被告人的财政状况,而拒绝判给惩罚性损害赔偿。参见China Light and Power Co Ltd v Ford [1996] 2 HKC 23 (上訴法庭)
There is no independent cause of action for punitive damages, which may only be sought in cases where there is actual damage to the plaintiff. The purposes of punitive damages are punishment and deterrence, and in that sense they resemble a criminal fine more than civil compensation. The primary justification for punitive damages is public policy.
对于惩罚性赔偿并没有独立的诉因,只有在原告受到实际损害的情况下才可以在案件中寻求惩罚性损害赔偿救济。惩罚性损害赔偿的目的在于惩罚和威慑,从这个意义上来讲,该制度更类似于刑法上的罚金,而并非民事上的赔偿。(参见 (Garrity v. Lyle Stuart, Inc., 40 N.Y.2d 358 [1976]). )惩罚性损害赔偿的首要正当性理由是公共政策。
拓展:
①在美国,惩罚性赔偿金制度的批评观点认为,判决金额太大了,和实际损害不成比例,陪审团恣意判决,使企业无所适从,影响企业出创新,不利于市场竞争。美国各州法律试图建立惩罚性赔偿金的判决的斟酌因素,以期达成适度威慑与惩罚的功能
②Coffey v. Fayette Tubular Prods(929 S.W.2d 326 (Tenn. 1996).):法院认为,判决惩罚性赔偿金应当告知陪审团审酌以下事项:⑴被告的财物、财产状况及其净值。⑵被告不法行为的性质与可归责程度。例如被告行为对原告的影响,及被告与原告间的关系。⑶被告对于损害数额的知悉程度及被告引发损害发生的动机。⑷被告不法行为的持续期间,及被告是否意图隐匿其不法行为。⑸原告因恢复损害所支出之费用。⑹被告是否因不法行为而获利。若被告获利,惩罚性赔偿金之数额是否应超过该利益,以达到威慑阻止将来发生类似行为。⑺基于相同不法行为,被告曾否负担惩罚性赔偿金之赔偿,其数额多寡。⑻在被告知悉该不法行为后,对于所生之实际损害,是否已经(或意图)提供立即而公平的和解,以补偿被害人。⑼证据上显示,其他足以决定惩罚性赔偿金适当数额之情况。
但是每个州的酌定因素都不一样,标准也不太统一,必须最高法院出马了!(违宪审查了几个case)
③美国最高法院在BMW of North America. Inc. v. Gore(116 S. Ct 1589 (1996))中是提出了三项审理惩罚性赔偿金额度的指导原则:
一是被告的行为可受到谴责的程度;
二是补偿性的赔偿和惩罚性的赔偿的金额的比例要合理(这个案子的比例是500:1,比例畸形);
三是参考被告所受刑事刑事处罚的程度。
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复习一下:
每日法律英语词条(6):Assisted reproductive technologies (ART)
每日法律英语词条(5):Appellate jurisdiction
每日法律英语词条(3):Administrative discretion
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