《园林》学刊·专题导读（2023.04）丨从大学到社区：美国田纳西大学花园园艺疗法项目实践

从大学到社区：美国田纳西大学花园园艺疗法项目实践

Connecting Horticultural Therapy to the Community Through Universities and University Botanic Gardens

著：（美）Derrick R. Stowell*

（美）P J Snodgrass  

译：李同予    郭思远

Derrick R. Stowell

美国园艺疗法协会（AHTA）前主席,在田纳西大学获得植物、土壤和环境科学博士学位，长期致力于园艺疗法项目的管理和运行，以为社区公众和大学生提供自然疗愈的服务

P.J. Snodgrass

美国园艺疗法协会（AHTA）理事，在田纳西大学获得人类生态学博士学位；田纳西大学花园分校的园艺治疗教育助理，承担田纳西大学园艺治疗课程的教学任务；曾担任田纳西大学公共服务研究所研究员

李同予

哈尔滨工业大学建筑学院景观系副主任,副教授，博士生导师；美国北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校，优秀访问学者；美国注册园艺治疗师（HTR）；研究方向为疗愈环境理论与实践，园艺治疗

郭思远 

哈尔滨工业大学建筑学院景观系在读博士研究生，研究方向为健康人居环境规划设计、健康促进行为与环境影响机制、园艺疗法

•全文刊登于《园林》2023-04期P41-50.

•全文引文格式：Derrick R.Stowell,P J Snodgrass,李同予,郭思远.从大学到社区：美国田纳西大学花园园艺疗法项目实践[J].园林,2023,40(04):41-50.

摘要:园艺疗法作为一种促进健康和福祉的有效疗法，日益得到全世界的认可，而大学校园则是一个实施园艺疗法项目的绝佳场所。作为赠地大学的一员，美国田纳西大学具备良好的开展园艺疗法的基础。以田纳西大学花园（UTG）园艺疗法项目为例，从教育培训、科学研究和技术推广三个方面，详细阐述UTG园艺疗法项目的发展历程和具体开展环节，以及园艺疗法与大学校园和社区公园共建的重要性。此外，还讨论了UTG园艺疗法项目未来的发展计划，为其他大学校园、社区公园开展园艺疗法事业进而促进人们健康与福祉提供借鉴。

关键词:园艺疗法；大学校园；项目实践；健康福祉；美国田纳西大学

Abstract

Horticultural therapy is gaining acceptance worldwide as an effective treatment to help improve health and well-being. Therefore, universities provide an ideal backdrop for developing and implementing horticultural therapy programming. As a member of the Land Grant Universities, the University of Tennessee has a good foundation for horticultural therapy. Taking the University of Tennessee Gardens (UTG) horticultural therapy program as an example, we elaborated on the development and specific aspects of the UTG horticultural therapy program from three parts: education and training, scientific research, and technology promotion, as well as the importance of horticultural therapy in collaboration with university campuses and community parks. In addition, plans for the UTG horticultural therapy program were discussed to provide a model for other university campuses and community parks to develop horticultural therapy businesses and thereby promote the health and well-being of people.

Keywords

horticultural therapy; university campus; program practice; health and well-being; University of Tennessee

The use of horticulture as a therapeutic tool has been seen throughout history. Observations about the positive benefits of being in nature, around plants, cultivating plants, and growing gardens helped to advance the study and practice of horticulture as therapy. The formal organization of the profession of horticultural therapy began in the United States in 1973 with the establishment of a professional association that is now called the American Horticultural Therapy Association (AHTA).  The AHTA’s mission is to “promote and advance the profession of horticultural therapy as a therapeutic intervention and rehabilitative modality”. The use of horticulture as therapy is also accepted throughout the world. This paper introduces the horticultural therapy project of University of Tennessee Gardens (UTG) in detail, aiming to emphasize the advantages and importance of introducing horticultural therapy into university campus, and provide reference for other university campuses and community parks to carry out horticultural therapy projects.

   1 Horticultural Therapy Defined   

Horticultural therapy has been defined by numerous practitioners in the United States and throughout the world over the years. The AHTA currently defines horticultural therapy as “the participation in horticultural activities facilitated by a registered horticultural therapist to achieve specific goals within an established treatment, rehabilitation, or vocational plan.” Although there are several definitions of horticultural therapy throughout the world, the similarities are that it must include a trained therapist, plant interactions, and an individual with an identified health or wellness goal/need.

   2 University of Tennessee Gardens   

The University of Tennessee was founded in 1794 as a land-grant university in the United States. The UTG were established by the Department of Ornamental Horticulture and Landscape Design (OHLD) in 1983, at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Agricultural Experiment Station. The UTG are the only horticultural/botanical facility of its kind in the East Tennessee region. With 

more than 2 300 different types of plants, the UTG are a valuable resource for the region’s home gardeners, commercial growers, and landscapers. Rich plant resources and diverse educational practices enable UTG users to establish a close and friendly relationship with nature. With appropriate financial support, UTG horticultural therapy program has a good foundation for development.

   3 UTG Horticultural Therapy Program   

3.1 Project Overview

Healing Program at UTG began in 2009. UTG received funding to support the creation of a garden educator position and the current education program has been directed by Dr. Stowell since 2012. To date, the program has expanded to include 9-10 weeks of summer camp, symposia, year-round garden workshops, children's healing program and horticultural therapy programming. The focus of the horticultural therapy program was to connect the UTG with underserved populations in the community to assist with improving overall health and wellbeing. The horticultural therapy programming meets the land grant mission of education, research and outreach.

3.2 UTG Horticultural therapy and educational training

The education component of the horticultural therapy program focusses on professional education. This type of education takes place in college level classes, professional internships, and through presentations at professional conferences. Each element of this component helps to increase knowledge of the profession and practice of horticultural therapy, share research and program experience, and train college students to become horticultural therapy practitioners.

Table 1 American Horticultural Therapist Registered internship program and work procedures

3.3 UTG Horticultural Therapy and scientific research

Horticultural therapy requires evidence-based studies to help document the effectiveness of interventions. The academic connection with the University of Tennessee is a valuable asset and strength of UTG's horticultural therapy program. The university platform provides UTG with the opportunity to collaborate with front-line researchers, as well as attract many undergraduate and graduate students, which greatly contributes to the advancement of academic research in this field.

3.4 UTG Horticultural therapy and outreach

Outreach provides many opportunities for UTG's horticultural therapy project researchers to translate their findings into practice and serve the community, which is a link between university resources and the community. UTG's three major outreach efforts in recent years include the "Mobile Garden" program, vocational training, and community based rehabilitation.

   4 Results and Discussion   

Since its creation in 2012, the horticultural therapy program has served 8,495 participants, 2,508 healthcare professionals, 17 recreational therapy interns, and five horticultural therapy interns. Through evidence-based research with university platforms, the UTG Horticultural Therapy project explores the health intervention value of horticultural therapy, which will help popularize horticultural therapy to better serve the public.

   References   

[1] American Horticultural Therapy Association. About AHTA[EB/OL]. [2022-12-03]. https://ahta.memberclicks.net/about

[2] American Horticultural Therapy Association. Definitions and Positions [EB/OL]. [2022-12-03]. https://www.ahta.org/ahta-definitions-and-positions.

[3] United States National Archives. Morrill Act (1862)[EB/OL]. [2022-12-03] https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/morrill-act

[4] HALLER R L, KENNEDY K L, CAPRA C L. The Profession and Practice of Horticultural Therapy[M]. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2019: 1-50

园艺作为一种促进身心健康的疗愈活动，在人类发展进程中一直存在。美国园艺疗法事业在1973年拥有了正式的专业协会——美国园艺疗法协会（American Horticultural Therapy Association，AHTA），协会的使命是“促进和推广园艺疗法作为一种治疗干预和恢复健康的方法”^[1]。园艺疗法也逐渐被全世界所接受。文章详细介绍了美国田纳西大学花园（University of Tennessee Gardens，UTG）园艺疗法项目，旨在强调园艺疗法引入大学校园的优势与重要性，并为其他大学校园、社区公园开展园艺疗法项目提供借鉴。

   1 园艺疗法的概念内涵   

多年来，美国和世界各地的该领域从业者对园艺疗法（horticultural therapy）进行了定义。AHTA目前将园艺疗法定义为“参加由注册园艺治疗师（Horticultural Therapist Registered，HTR）协助的园艺活动，以实现既定的治疗、康复或职业计划目标”^[2]。尽管世界各地对园艺疗法有多种定义，但相似之处在于，其必须包括训练有素的园艺治疗师、人与植物的互动，具有明确的以恢复健康或以保健为目的的治疗目标，这些是园艺疗法的重要组成要素。

   2 田纳西大学花园简介   

田纳西大学成立于1794年，是美国赠地大学的一员。田纳西大学花园（UTG）由观赏园艺系和景观设计系于1983年在田纳西大学诺克斯维尔农业实验站建立，是东田纳西州地区唯一的园艺设施。UTG花园的使命是：通过园艺展示、自然教育和科学研究，激发和培养人们对植物的喜爱^[3]。目前，UTG已拥有2300多种不同类型的植物，是该地区家庭园艺、商业苗圃和景观设计师的宝贵资源。UTG还用于教学、课程实习以及科研项目等，是重要的教学基地，学生和访客可以在这里学习景观营造、场地维护、景观设计以及植物识别与应用。丰富的植物资源、多样的教育实践使得UTG的使用者与自然建立了紧密且友好的联系，配合相应的资金支持，UTG园艺疗法项目具备良好的开展基础。

   3 UTG园艺疗法项目   

3.1 项目概述

UTG的系列疗愈项目始于2009年。2012年，UTG用获得的资金设立园艺教育工作者的职位，由Stowell博士指导。至今，该教育计划已扩大到包括9～10周的夏令营、专题讨论会、全年花园讲习班、儿童疗愈项目、园艺科普和园艺治疗项目等。2012年，UTG开始运营美国注册园艺治疗师（HTR）的专业注册，致力于服务医疗设施不够完备的社区居民，以协助改善居民的健康福祉，这也非常符合赠地大学在教育、科学研究和技术推广方面的发展理念。

3.2 UTG园艺疗法与教育培训

园艺疗法教育培训主要依托田纳西大学课程、专业实习、参加学术会议等，目标是传授给大学生园艺治疗方面的知识、分享学术研究和实践经验，通过开展系统的园艺治疗理论学习和实践技能的培训，使大学生成为未来优秀的园艺疗法从业者。

表1 美国注册园艺治疗师实习计划与工作环节

3.3 UTG园艺疗法与科学研究

园艺疗法需要开展循证研究，以帮助记录干预措施的有效性。与田纳西大学建立学术联系，是UTG园艺治疗项目的宝贵资产和优势，高校平台为UTG提供了与一线科研工作者开展合作的机会，同时也吸引很多本科生、研究生的加盟，这些非常有助于推进该领域的学术研究。

3.4 UTG园艺疗法与技术推广

技术推广与外联工作为UTG园艺治疗项目的科研人员提供了很多成果转化的机会，能够让研究成果落地、服务社区，是增进高校资源与社区联系的纽带。UTG近年来三个重要的外联工作包括“移动花园”计划、特殊人群职业培训、社区居民康复服务：

（1）“移动花园”计划（Mobile Garden Program）覆盖整个田纳西东部地区的多个养老机构。参与移动花园计划的老年人，在社会互动与人际交往能力、维持或改善肌肉功能、手的灵活稳定等精细运动技能都有明显提升，同时也掌握了更多的园艺知识和技巧。（2）针对特殊人群的职业培训一直是园艺疗法领域关注的重点^[4]。UTG与田纳西州聋哑学校合作，为在校高中生开设成人综合课程；UTG还与“田纳西大学FUTURE”项目合作，致力于安排在校生获得实习和就业的机会、提升工作技能。（3）在社区居民康复服务方面，UTG与加勒比社区康复服务网络（CCBRN）开展合作，该项目是美国国际开发署（USAID）和美洲农民互助计划（AFFP）之间的一个合作项目，先后制定并实施了多个园艺治疗项目，同时也积极开展园艺疗法项目的职业培训。

   4 结论与讨论   

自2012年创建以来，UTG的园艺治疗项目已为8495名参与者、2508名医疗保健从业者提供服务。通过与高校平台开展基于教育、科研和实践推广方面的合作，UTG园艺疗法项目探索了园艺疗法的健康干预价值，这将有助于园艺疗法的推广普及，从而更好地服务大众。

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