颅内曲霉菌病诊治中国专家共识
颅内曲霉菌病(intracranial aspergillosis,ICA),又称中枢神经系统曲霉菌病,是一种由曲霉菌侵袭感染脑实质、脑膜(硬脑膜为主)、脑血管及海绵窦等颅底结构引起的侵袭性真菌病(invasive fungal disease,IFD)。ICA由Oppe首次报道于1897年,该病临床少见,但随着激素、免疫抑制剂及广谱抗生素的广泛应用,其发病率逐年上升[1]。ICA的临床及影像学表现缺乏特异性,核心症状异质性大,诊断及鉴别诊断困难[2]。为规范该病的诊治,结合国内外对该病的研究进展,特此撰写《颅内曲霉菌病诊治中国专家共识》。
血液病/恶性肿瘤患者侵袭性真菌病的诊断标准与治疗原则(2020)
中枢神经系统感染性疾病的脑脊液宏基因组学第二代测序应用专家共识
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流行病学
ICA占颅内真菌感染的5%~10%,占侵袭性曲霉菌感染的14%~42%[3, 4, 5]。在接受骨髓移植或造血干细胞移植患者中,ICA的发病率为0.76%[6]。在接受实体器官移植的患者中,ICA的发病率为0.2%[7]。烟曲霉是引起ICA最常见的病原体,其次为黄曲霉和土曲霉。ICA更易累及男性,男女比例为2.25∶1[8]。
感染途径及危险因素
曲霉菌在自然界中广泛存在,是一种机会致病菌。其分生孢子可经呼吸道进入人体,定植于肺部、鼻窦等空腔内。当机体免疫力降低时,曲霉菌在组织、器官或血液中生长、繁殖,导致炎性反应及组织损伤,可经两种途径即局部浸润及血行播散侵入颅内导致ICA。据报道,18.0%~66.7%的患者由鼻窦、中耳及乳突中的曲霉菌感染浸润引起(窦源性ICA),部分与开放性颅脑外伤及颅脑手术有关;33.3%~82.0%的患者无鼻窦、中耳及乳突受累(非窦源性ICA)[8, 9]。在非窦源性ICA中,肺部是最常见的感染原发灶,约半数患者可在肺穿刺活组织检查(活检)中发现曲霉菌[8]。
ICA多发生于肿瘤、AIDS、长期服用糖皮质激素或免疫抑制剂等具有免疫抑制背景的患者中。此外,该病亦可累及无免疫抑制背景人群,糖代谢异常可能是这类人群发生ICA的危险因素[10, 11]。在国人中,43.59%的ICA发生于无免疫抑制背景人群,高于国外研究的23.6%[8,12]。其原因可能与我国AIDS发病率低、糖尿病重视不足及药物应用不当有关。非窦源性ICA患者多具有免疫抑制背景,而在窦源性ICA中,超过半数患者无免疫抑制背景[13, 14]。
病理生理
ICA可累及脑血管、脑实质、脑膜(硬脑膜为主)及颅底结构,导致坏死、化脓及慢性肉芽肿。曲霉菌侵及脑血管后,既可因菌丝填充或炎性反应导致脑梗死,又可因曲霉菌性动脉瘤破裂导致脑出血或蛛网膜下腔出血[15, 16]。进入脑实质的曲霉菌可引起脑脓肿及慢性肉芽肿,好发部位为灰白质交界处[17]。经鼻窦浸润进入颅内的曲霉菌可引起颅底骨质破坏、眶尖-眶后-海绵窦内肉芽肿、硬脑膜肥厚、硬膜下或大脑镰脓肿等[18]。
临床表现
任何年龄均可发病,男性高发年龄为41~50岁,女性高发年龄为21~30岁[8]。该病多呈急性或亚急性起病,进行性加重,临床表现多样且缺乏特异性。此外,亦有患者隐匿起病,缓慢进展,病程长达数年至数十年[11,19]。
一、窦源性ICA
窦源性ICA可导致眶尖综合征、眶后综合征及海绵窦综合征,头痛及脑神经麻痹是其核心症状,而发热并不常见。据报道,40.0%~66.7%的患者在病程中可出现头痛,另有约30%的患者可出现眼球突出及眶周疼痛[18,20]。在脑神经中,视神经最常受累(57.4%),其次为支配眼球运动的神经(第Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅵ脑神经,54.4%)[13]。此外,部分患者还可出现三叉神经(第Ⅴ1、Ⅴ2脑神经)麻痹及Horner综合征。当疾病进展影响海绵窦静脉回流时可出现颅高压症状,并可导致意识障碍。当曲霉菌累及颈内动脉或突破硬脑膜引起脑实质病变时,亦可出现偏瘫、感觉障碍等局灶性神经功能缺损症状,但较少见。
二、非窦源性ICA
在非窦源性ICA中,约60%患者可出现发热,其原因可能与曲霉菌血行播散有关[21]。此外,局灶性神经功能缺损在非窦源性ICA病程早期即可出现,运动、感觉及小脑症状相对常见,其他症状与病灶功能定位相关。据报道,21%~41%的患者在病程中可出现偏瘫,18%~35%的患者可出现痫性发作,35%~64%的患者可出现意识障碍及精神异常[4,17]。当疾病进展导致颅内压升高时,部分患者亦可出现头痛、呕吐、脑神经麻痹等症状。
辅助检查
一、常规辅助检查
1. 脑脊液常规、生化及培养:ICA患者的脑脊液常规及生化检查可正常,亦可表现为以淋巴细胞为主的白细胞计数升高、蛋白升高及葡萄糖降低。在一项系统回顾中,脑脊液白细胞计数、蛋白以及葡萄糖的中位数分别为71×106/L、0.83 g/L及3 mmol/L[22]。此外,曲霉菌在实验室环境易于生长,37 ℃培养2~5 d通常可见特征性的呈锐角分支的分隔菌丝。但脑脊液曲霉菌培养阳性率较低,仅为10%左右[23]。
2. 半乳甘露聚糖(GM)试验:GM是曲霉菌细胞壁的主要成分,是疾病早期释放至体液中的抗原之一。国内外IFD指南均推荐GM试验为侵袭性曲霉菌病早期诊断的重要筛选方法[24, 25, 26, 27]。据报道,脑脊液GM试验诊断ICA的敏感度及特异度分别为88.2%及96.3%,且阳性预测值及阴性预测值均超过90%[23]。此外,脑脊液GM水平与曲霉菌感染严重程度相关,监测该指标可评价治疗效果及预后[28]。
3. 1,3-β-D-葡聚糖(1,3-β-D-glucan,G)试验:G试验也是国内外IFD指南中推荐的早期诊断侵袭性曲霉菌病的筛选方法[24, 25]。但由于G是多种真菌的细胞壁成分,其诊断曲霉菌感染缺乏特异性[29]。
4. 头颅影像学:影像学检查在ICA的诊断中具有十分重要的提示意义。由于 ICA病理特点的多样性,其影像学表现具有3种不同模式。其一,曲霉菌侵及脑血管引起梗死或出血,继而出现相应的影像学表现[15]。其二,曲霉菌侵及脑实质引起慢性肉芽肿及脑脓肿,在MRI增强上表现为多发的结节样强化及不规则环形强化。环形强化内部可表现为T1低信号、T2等/高信号及弥散受限,提示脓肿及真菌凝固性坏死(图1A)[22,30]。其三,曲霉菌经鼻窦侵入颅内可引起颅底、海绵窦及硬脑膜病变。CT可见颅底骨质破坏,MRI增强可见眶尖-眶后-海绵窦内蜂巢状强化、硬脑膜肥厚及强化(图1B)[31]。
5. 标本镜检与培养:目前,确诊ICA仍依赖于病灶切除或活检,获得组织病理学、直接镜检或培养证据[8]。当观察到呈锐角分叉(45°)、直径较窄(3~6 μm)、具有分隔的透明菌丝,伴有组织损害时即可诊断(图2)。此外,应在组织病理学检查中对标本进行Gomori-甲胺银(GMS)染色或过碘酸-雪夫(PAS)染色以提高曲霉菌检出率[32]。
二、分子生物学检查
1. 宏基因组学二代测序(mNGS):mNGS是一种不依赖于体外培养的高通量测序技术,可以非靶向地检测临床标本中病原体的核酸序列,对于感染性疾病的病原学诊断具有很高的应用价值[33]。在一项诊断试验中,当特异性序列数截断值为2个(≥2个为阳性)时,脑脊液mNGS诊断ICA的敏感度及特异度分别为85.7%及84.6%[34, 35]。需要注意的是,送检mNGS的脑脊液标本应严格无菌获取,送检量2~5 ml,采集后冷链运输并及时检测[36]。
2.聚合酶链反应(PCR):PCR是一种可以靶向扩增病原体特定核酸序列的分子检测技术。应用PCR技术有助于在患者的无菌组织中进一步确定曲霉菌菌种,并发现与三唑类药物耐药相关的某些突变[37, 38]。但是,由于缺少标准化试剂盒,血液及脑脊液曲霉菌PCR尚未在临床实践中常规开展。
推荐意见:当临床症状怀疑ICA时,应尽早行脑脊液检查(常规、生化、培养、G试验、GM试验及mNGS)及颅脑MRI平扫+增强检查。怀疑窦源性ICA时,还应加做颅底CT检查。当临床症状符合ICA,但上述检查结果为阴性时,可重复送检。条件允许时,及时行标本镜检与培养获得确切证据。
诊断标准与鉴别诊断
一、诊断标准
ICA的诊断依赖于对患者易感因素、临床表现及化验检查的全面评估。结合国内外IFD诊断标准,我们将ICA的诊断分为确诊(proven)、临床诊断(probable)和临床拟诊(possible)3个级别,见表1。
二、鉴别诊断
ICA的临床表现不典型,影像学特征与多种感染、炎症及肿瘤性疾病相近。需要与窦源性ICA相鉴别的疾病有:Tolosa-Hunt综合征、鼻咽癌脑转移、动脉瘤、眼肌麻痹型偏头痛、糖尿病性动眼神经麻痹等。需要与非窦源性ICA相鉴别的疾病有:细菌性脑脓肿、原发性中枢神经系统血管炎、系统性血管炎中枢神经系统受累、脑血管病及中枢神经系统淋巴瘤等。其中,Tolosa-Hunt综合征、原发性中枢神经系统血管炎、系统性血管炎中枢神经系统受累等疾病的治疗原则与ICA相悖,这些疾病在治疗中需要应用糖皮质激素,而ICA则可因糖皮质激素的应用迅速恶化。因此,在诊断ICA时尤其要与上述疾病相鉴别。
1.Tolosa-Hunt综合征:该病是海绵窦内非特异性炎症导致的头痛及眼肌麻痹综合征。常以头痛为首发症状,数日后出现疼痛侧动眼、滑车及外展神经麻痹。持续数日至数周可缓解,数月至数年后可复发。MRI可见海绵窦扩张,窦内存在T1等信号、T2等/低信号的异常组织,MRI增强检查可见病灶明显强化。糖皮质激素治疗有效。
2. 原发性中枢神经系统血管炎:头痛及局灶性神经功能缺损是该病常见的临床表现。脑脊液检查可表现为淋巴细胞为主的白细胞计数增多,蛋白及葡萄糖正常。颅脑MRI可见多支血管供血区多发梗死灶,亦可见占位性病变。脑血管检查可见中小动脉“串珠”样的节段性狭窄。糖皮质激素治疗可改善。
3. 系统性血管炎中枢神经系统受累:结节性多动脉炎、白塞综合征、抗中性粒细胞胞质抗体相关性血管炎等系统性血管炎可累及中枢神经系统,导致头痛及局灶性神经功能缺损症状,系统性血管炎相关抗体阳性可资鉴别。
4. 颅内毛霉菌病:该病的临床表现及影像学特征与ICA相近,两者的鉴别依赖于组织病理学活检,当发现分支不规则、极少有分隔的宽大菌丝(5~15 μm)可诊断毛霉菌感染。两性霉素B及艾沙康唑可用于治疗颅内毛霉菌病,而伏立康唑对毛霉菌感染治疗无效。
5. 鼻咽癌脑转移:鼻咽癌浸润发展可破坏骨质并侵入颅底组织(眶尖-眶后-海绵窦),导致头痛及脑神经麻痹等症状。影像学检查可见颅底骨质破坏及颅底占位性病变。组织病理学检查是确诊鼻咽癌的“金标准”。
6. 中枢神经系统淋巴瘤:痫性发作、局灶性神经功能缺损及意识障碍为该病常见的临床表现。颅脑MRI可见病灶均匀强化、弥散受限,常伴病灶周围水肿。脑脊液细胞学检查发现淋巴瘤细胞可诊断。
推荐意见:ICA的诊断主要依赖于对宿主因素、临床证据及微生物学证据三方面因素的综合评估,同时需要除外Tolosa-Hunt综合征、原发性中枢神经系统血管炎、系统性血管炎中枢神经系统受累等其他疾病。
治疗
一、抗真菌治疗
及早开始有效的抗真菌治疗是改善ICA预后的关键。对于确诊ICA 的患者应给予目标治疗,对于临床诊断ICA的患者应给予诊断驱动治疗。上述两种治疗的药物选择相同,见表2。治疗流程及评估见图3。
1.伏立康唑:伏立康唑是治疗ICA的首选药物[25,39, 40]。与两性霉素B-去氧胆酸复合物相比,伏立康唑在侵袭性曲霉菌病的治疗中具有更高的有效率、更低的病死率及更好的耐受性[41]。在既往研究中,该药治疗ICA的有效率为16%~51.9%[22,42, 43, 44]。伏立康唑主要经肝代谢,是细胞色素P450酶(CYP)3A4及CYP2C19的底物及抑制剂。该药的不良反应包括肝毒性、短暂视觉障碍(闪光)、皮疹、胃肠道反应及心律失常等[44, 45, 46]。
2. 艾沙康唑:艾沙康唑具有良好的血脑屏障透过率,在CYP2C19快代谢基因型的患者中可作为伏立康唑的替代药物治疗ICA[47, 48]。与伏立康唑相比,其肝毒性、短暂视觉障碍(闪光)、皮疹等药物不良反应的发生率较低。
3. 泊沙康唑:关于泊沙康唑治疗ICA的经验及证据主要来自个案报道。但是,鉴于该药良好的血脑屏障透过率及在侵袭性曲霉菌感染中较好的治疗效果,泊沙康唑可能是有效治疗ICA的潜在药物[49]。该药耐受性较好,常见的不良反应为胃肠道不适及肝毒性。
4. 两性霉素B脂质体:两性霉素B脂质体较两性霉素B-去氧胆酸复合物具有更好的组织相容性,毒副作用较小。但是,由于两性霉素B脂质体无法有效透过血脑屏障,在ICA的治疗中,两性霉素B脂质体仅作为三唑类药物的备选。
需要注意的是,棘白菌素类药物因难以透过血脑屏障而不推荐用于ICA的治疗[50]。此外,尚无证据表明抗真菌药物联合治疗优于单药治疗,亦无证据表明鞘内给药优于静脉给药[25,51]。
二、治疗药物监测(TDM)
伏立康唑、艾沙康唑、泊沙康唑等三唑类药物是CYP3A4的底物及抑制剂[52]。利福平、卡马西平、苯妥英等CYP3A4诱导剂可显著降低上述药物的稳态血浆浓度,导致抗真菌治疗失败[53, 54]。此外,伏立康唑还是CYP2C19的底物及抑制剂,糖皮质激素(CYP2C19诱导剂)及CYP2C19等位基因多态性亦可影响其在体内的代谢过程[55]。因此,在条件允许的情况下应对三唑类药物(尤其是伏立康唑)进行TDM,并根据TDM结果进行个体化治疗[56]。其中,伏立康唑血浆谷浓度目标值为2~6 mg/L,监测时间为治疗开始后 2~5 d,并在1周后复查以确认患者血浆中药物浓度仍处于目标值范围内[40]。艾沙康唑血浆谷浓度目标值为2~3 mg/L,监测时间为治疗开始后5 d[40]。另需注意的是,三唑类药物可影响华法林、咪达唑仑、钙调磷酸酶抑制剂(环孢素、他克莫司)等多种药物的体内代谢过程,导致上述药物血浆浓度升高、半衰期延长。因此,在药物联用时应对上述药物进行适当的剂量调整[25,57, 58, 59, 60]。
三、手术治疗
在抗真菌治疗的过程中,若疗效评估为无效,可进一步行病灶切除及姑息性手术(脓肿引流、脑室分流等)。需要注意的是,针对ICA的任何手术治疗均应在充分的系统性抗真菌治疗后进行[61]。此外,由于中枢神经系统及颅底结构的特殊性及复杂性,手术治疗可导致脑神经损伤、癫痫及局灶性神经功能缺损等并发症。因此,在术前应谨慎评估手术的必要性及可行性。
四、对症治疗
1.疼痛:针对疼痛可给予布洛芬、双氯芬酸钠等非甾体抗炎药。
2.脑神经麻痹:针对脑神经麻痹可给予甲钴胺、维生素B1等神经营养药物。
3. 颅高压症状:针对颅高压症状可给予20%甘露醇(125~250 ml,6~8 h 1次)、呋塞米、人血白蛋白等药物脱水降颅压,必要时行侧脑室引流或Ommaya囊置入。其中,侧脑室引流简单易行,可在床旁操作,但逆行感染风险较大,一般不宜超过5~7 d;Ommaya囊可留置3~12个月,可间断或持续引流,但费用较高且操作相对复杂[44]。
4.药物不良反应:针对因抗真菌药物应用导致的肝功能受损可给予双环醇片、谷胱甘肽、多烯磷脂酰胆碱等保肝药物。
推荐意见:伏立康唑是治疗ICA的首选药物,当患者因药物不良反应难以耐受时可选择艾沙康唑、泊沙康唑或两性霉素B脂质体替代。治疗疗程分为强化期(静脉抗真菌治疗,8~12周)及维持期(口服抗真菌治疗,9~12个月)。在条件允许的情况下应对三唑类药物进行TDM,并根据TDM结果进行个体化治疗。手术治疗可改善部分患者预后,但术前应谨慎评估手术的必要性及可行性。
疗效评估
ICA疗效评估包括对临床症状和体征、影像学及微生物学的定期评估,疗效评估标准见表3。目标治疗及诊断驱动治疗均需根据治疗流程在相应时间节点进行评估(图3)。其中,血清GM试验是评价侵袭性曲霉菌病疗效及预后的客观且准确的微生物学方法,脑脊液GM试验对ICA的疗效及预后亦具有监测、评估价值[62, 63]。
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引用: 中华医学会神经病学分会感染性疾病与脑脊液细胞学学组, 中国医师协会神经内科医师分会神经感染性疾病专业委员会. 颅内曲霉菌病诊治中国专家共识 [J] . 中华神经科杂志, 2023, 56(7) : 729-737.
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