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改革开放40年｜中国经济：从高速发展到高质量发展
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原文载：《人民画报》，China Pictorial
胡鞍钢：清华大学国情研究院院长，公共管理学院教授、博士生导师
6.5%左右的GDP增速目标符合中国经济已由高速增长阶段转向高质量发展阶段的实际情况。
2018年是中国自1978年实施改革开放国家战略以来的第40个年头，是中国共产党十九大之后推进各项工作的开局之年，也是实现2020年发展目标和实施“十三五”规划的关键一年。
在新的发展阶段，中国需要扎实推进各方面的经济工作，以实现创新更强劲、发展更协调、生态更美丽、开放更全面、成果更公平的高质量发展。
中国经济发展经历了准备成长期和迅速成长期后，从2012年开始进入第三阶段，即经济强盛期。中国经济在此阶段步入新常态，开启了从高速增长向高质量发展、从上中等到高收入水平、从快速富裕到共同富裕的进程，中国也由此进入“中国特色社会主义新时代”。
The Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge closely links the Chinese mainland, Hong Kong and Macao, and helps them enhance mutual recognition despite their different social systems. by Liu Zhicheng
3月5日，提请十三届全国人大一次会议审议的政府工作报告明确指出，
“今年发展主要预期目标是：国内生产总值增长6.5%左右；居民消费价格涨幅3%左右；城镇新增就业1100万人以上，城镇调查失业率5.5%以内，城镇登记失业率4.5%以内；居民收入增长和经济增长基本同步。”
上述主要预期目标，既考虑到了中国于2020年全面建成小康社会的战略需要，也符合中国经济已由高速增长阶段转向高质量发展阶段的实际情况。
2017年，中国经济交出一份稳中向好、好于预期的成绩单。
2018年是中国自1978年实施改革开放国家战略以来的第40个年头，是中国共产党十九大之后推进各项工作的开局之年，也是实现2020年发展目标和实施“十三五”规划的关键一年。在新的发展阶段，中国需要扎实推进各方面的经济工作，以实现创新更强劲、发展更协调、生态更美丽、开放更全面、成果更公平的高质量发展。
首先，要增强经济发展的创新动力，推动经济发展质量不断提升。创新能力是高质量发展的动力之源，加快实施创新驱动发展战略，将进一步提高全员劳动生产率、全要素生产率和潜在增长率，使科技驱动发展趋势更加明显。新的一年里，让创新在振兴实体经济中发挥第一引领作用的主要举措有：全面实施战略性新兴产业发展规划，加快培育壮大新兴产业，使经济发展新动能更加壮大；加快推动传统产业升级，大力发展先进制造业，推动中国制造向中高端迈进；加快发展现代服务业和服务贸易，加强水利、铁路、公路、水运、航空、管道、电网、信息、物流等基础设施网络建设。
第二，建立有效的协调发展新机制，推进经济发展更加协调。协调发展注重解决的是高质量发展中的不平衡问题。2018年，要推动经济结构进一步优化，充分释放服务消费和绿色消费的拉动潜力，使经济结构更加均衡；实施区域协调发展战略，使地区发展格局更加合理；加快推进美丽特色小（城）镇、美丽乡村建设，推动城乡发展融合格局逐步成形。
第三，注重经济“绿色发展”，推进生态文明建设。绿色发展注重解决的是高质量发展中的人与自然的和谐问题。2018年是实现环境质量总体改善的关键一年，要加快推进生态文明体制改革，进一步完善主体功能区制度；推进能源生产和消费革命，构建清洁低碳、安全高效的能源体系；加快推进低碳试点示范，积极参与应对气候变化国际合作，为全球环境治理作出中国贡献。
第四，推动经济发展更加开放，打造国际合作新优势。开放发展是壮大中国经济实力和综合国力的必由之路，解决的是高质量发展中的内外联动问题。2018年，中国需要进一步拓展开放的思想观念、结构布局和体制机制，推动形成全面开放新格局。在这一过程中，要有序放宽市场准入，全面实行准入前国民待遇加负面清单管理模式，完善外资相关法律，加强知识产权保护；继续吸引和改善外资营商环境，扩大非金融类外商直接投资；实现对外投资有序健康发展，逐步形成面向全球的贸易、投融资、生产和服务网络。
第五，推进经济发展更加公平，让全体人民共享新成果。增进民生福祉是发展的根本目的，保障和改善民生要抓住人民最关心最现实的利益问题，既尽力而为，又量力而行，找准突出问题及其症结所在。2018年，要加快提高公共服务水平和质量，在教育、就业、收入、社保、医疗、养老等方面精准发力，不断满足国民日益增长的美好生活需要，推动社会各界共享改革发展成果。
China’s Economic Growth Shifts from High-speed to High-quality
TEXT BY HU ANGANG
Since 2012, after completing a period of preliminary growth and a period of rapid growth, China’s economy has entered a third, more prosperous period. Meanwhile, a “new normal” has arrived, marking a shift from high-speed growth to high-quality development, from a middle-income society to a high-income country, and from “some get rich first” to “common prosperity.” The country has since ushered in a new era of socialism with Chinese characteristics.
On March 5, 2018 at the First Session of the 13th National People’s Congress (NPC), Premier Li Keqiang unveiled projected targets for development this year in the Report on the Work of the Government:
GDP growth of around 6.5 percent, CPI increase of around 3 percent, at least 11 million new urban jobs, urban unemployment rate within 5.5 percent and basic parity in personal income growth and economic growth.
These targets consider the need to secure decisive victory in the construction of a moderately prosperous society in all respects by 2020 and are designed to align with China’s economic transition from a phase of rapid growth to a stage of high-quality development.
In 2017, China’s economy continued growing steadily and healthily, achieving better-than-expected performance.
This year marks the 40th anniversary of the reform and opening up that began in 1978, as well as a crucial year for achieving the 2020 development goals and implementing the 13th Five-Year Plan. This year will herald efforts to put the guiding principles of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) into action. In this new stage of development, China needs solid progress in all aspects of economics to achieve high-quality development that is more innovative, coordinated, environmentally friendly, open and fair.
First, China needs to strengthen innovation-driven economic development and maintain continuous improvement of the quality of economic growth. Innovation capacity is the fundamental driver of high-quality development. Wider implementation of an innovation-driven development strategy will further enhance overall labor productivity, total factor productivity and potential growth rate and further promote the trend of technology-driven development. This year, major measures to help innovation play the lead role in vitalizing the real economy include full implementation of a plan to develop strategic emerging industries, progress in fostering emerging industries to create stronger new momentum for economic development, acceleration of the upgrade of traditional industries and vigorous promotion of advanced manufacturing to nudge made-in-China towards middle and high ends. Additional new policies will accelerate the development of modern service industry and services trade and strengthen the construction of infrastructure networks concerning water conservancy, railways, highways, water transportation, aviation, pipelines, power, information and logistics.
Second, China needs to design new, effective mechanisms to promote more coordinated economic development. The coordinated development philosophy is crucial to tackling imbalanced growth hindering high-quality development. In 2018, China needs to further optimize its economic structure and fully unleash the potential of service consumption and green consumption in driving economic growth to achieve a more balanced economic structure. China will continue implementing the coordinated regional development strategy to make the regional development occur more rationally. China will also accelerate the construction of beautiful special towns and beautiful countryside areas and promote integrated urban-rural development.
Third, China needs to focus on green development and advance its ecological progress. The green development philosophy is important to achieving harmonious coexistence between man and nature, which is a characteristic of high-quality development. This year is crucial to comprehensive improvement of environmental quality. To achieve this goal, China needs to reform the system to build an ecological civilization and improve the functional area system. It needs to promote an energy production and consumption revolution to create a clean, low-carbon, safe and efficient energy system. Moreover, the country needs to launch low-carbon pilots and demonstrations, play an active role in international cooperation on climate change and make Chinese contributions to global environmental governance.
Fourth, China needs to make its economic development more open and develop new advantages in international cooperation. The open development philosophy is essential for China to increase its economic strength and overall national strength. It is expected to solve problems related to interactions with the outside world along the road to high-quality development. This year, China needs to improve the structure, institutions and mechanisms for opening up to create a new and more comprehensively open landscape. In the process, it needs to lighten market access in an orderly manner, fully implement the management model of pre-establishment national treatment and a negative list, improve laws concerning foreign investment and strengthen the protection of intellectual property rights. China will continue improving the business environment to attract foreign investment and expand the scope of non-financial foreign direct investments. China will promote the orderly, healthy development of outbound investment and gradually form a global trade, investment, financing, production and service network.
Fifth, China needs to realize fairer economic development and let all people enjoy the new fruits of development. Enhancing living standards is the ultimate goal of development. To safeguard and improve the people’s livelihood, it requires solving the most specific problems of utmost and immediate concern to the people. The government must do all it can within its capacity and accurately define the most prominent issues and their root causes. In 2018, China needs to improve the level and quality of public services and take correct measures in areas like education, employment, income, social security, medical care and senior care to meet the public’s growing demand for better living standards—and enable people from all walks of life to share the fruits of reform and development.