每周分子 | Molecule of the Week

Original ACS 美国化学会 ACS美国化学会 2022-07-01

收录于合集 #每周分子 110个

每周分子：尿酸

Molecule of the Week: Uric acid

尿酸是嘌呤衍生物，为人类和其他食肉动物体内嘌呤核苷酸的氧化代谢产物。尿酸是一种pK_a为5.6、微溶于水的弱酸。

1776年，瑞典化学家Carl Wilhelm Scheele在人类尿液和肾结石中发现了尿酸；同年，他的同事Torbern B. Bergman证实了这一发现。人们在鸟类、爬行动物和一些哺乳动物的粪便中也发现了尿酸。

乌克兰-奥地利化学家Ivan Horbaczewski在1882年报道了由甘氨酸合成尿酸的早期合成研究。1962年，C. Wayne Bills和他在科罗拉多大学博尔德分校的同事们在寻找合成嘧啶的新路线时，意外地用尿素合成了尿酸。

尿酸因其在痛风患者身上产生的剧烈疼痛而臭名昭著。当血液中尿酸浓度高时，它的低溶解度导致其在关节和关节周围(特别是脚部关节)沉淀成尖状的晶体。当人们食用大量富含嘌呤的食物(如红肉和海鲜)时，体内的尿酸浓度就会增加。

有一些推测认为尿酸及其伴随的痛风在COVID-19患者中起了负面作用，但这种联系最多是间接的。痛风患者往往有其他严重的健康问题，比如肥胖、肾病和心血管疾病，尿酸会加重这些疾病。根据美国纽约特种外科医院(the Hospital for Special Surgery)的Theodore R. Fields的说法，“痛风一般不会影响免疫系统功能”。White River Medical Center(贝茨维尔，AR)的Shailendra Singh补充说：“痛风患者感染冠状病毒的风险并不比一般人群高，但如果他们感染了，他们患并发症的风险确实会增加。”

尿酸信息速览

CAS 登记号	69-93-2
SciFinder命名	1H-Purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione, 7,9-dihydro-
分子式	C₅H₄N₄O₃
摩尔质量	168.11 g/mol
外观	白色晶体或者粉末
沸点	310 ºC (dec.)
水溶性	60 mg/L

尿酸危害信息

不是有害物质或混合物

【关于每周分子】

自2001年以来，“每周分子”已成为广受欢迎的栏目。多数分子由读者推荐。每个结构都经由科学家审查，并以3-D和平面图像的形式显示，同时附有该分子简介。可以通过美国化学文摘社 (CAS) 提供的SciFinder中的CAS REGISTRY获取“每周分子”的更多信息。CAS REGISTRY中的每条物质信息都展示了物质的CAS登记号、索引名、通用名、商品名、书目信息等其他更多信息。发送邮件至motw@acs.org推荐您感兴趣的分子吧。

Uric acid is a purine derivative and an oxidative metabolic product of purine nucleotides in humans and other carnivorous animals. It is a weak acid with a pK_a of 5.6 and is sparingly soluble in water.

In 1776, Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele discovered uric acid in human urine and kidney stones. The same year, his discovery was confirmed by his colleague Torbern B. Bergman. Uric acid is also found in the feces of birds, reptiles, and some mammals.

Ukrainian–Austrian chemist Ivan Horbaczewski reported an early synthesis of uric acid from glycine in 1882. More recently (1962), C. Wayne Bills and co-workers at the University of Colorado (Boulder) serendipitously synthesized uric acid from urea while they were seeking a new route to pyrimidines.

Uric acid is notorious for the excruciating pain it produces in gout patients. When the acid is present in high concentrations in the blood, its low solubility causes it to precipitate as sharp crystals in and around joints, notably in the feet. Uric acid concentration increases in the body when people consume large amounts of purine-rich foods such as red meat and seafood.

There has been some speculation that the presence of uric acid and its concomitant gout play a role in COVID-19, but this connection would be indirect at most. People with gout tend to have other serious health problems such as obesity, kidney disease, and cardiovascular disease, which uric acid can exacerbate. According to Theodore R. Fields at the Hospital for Special Surgery (New York City), "Gout does not typically affect immune system function." Adds Shailendra Singh at White River Medical Center (Batesville, AR), "People with gout don’t have a greater risk of getting coronavirus than the general population, but they do have an increased risk of complications if they do get it."

Uric acidfast facts

CAS Reg. No.	69-93-2
SciFinder nomenclature	1H-Purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione, 7,9-dihydro-
Empirical formula	C₅H₄N₄O₃
Molar mass	168.11 g/mol
Appearance	White crystals or powder
Boiling point	310 ºC (dec.)
Water solubility	60 mg/L

Uric acid hazard information

Not a hazardous substance or mixture

About Molecule of the Week

MOTW has been a popular feature on ACS website since 2001. Many molecules are suggested by our website visitors. Every structure is reviewed by a scientist and displayed in 3-D and flat images with a brief description. Each week’s molecule also links to a sample record from the CAS REGISTRY, which is searched using SciFinder. Each record displays the registry number, index name and synonyms, bibliographic information, and more. Send us a molecule suggestion at motw@acs.org.

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