其他
每日法律英语词条(12):Res judicata→Claim preclusion
每日法律英语词条每日精选一个重要的法律英语词条,梳理这个词条的含义和相关判例。
Res judicata is a legal doctrine that prevents parties from re-litigating claims and issues that were the subject of prior cases.
既判力规则阻止当事人就先前案件中的请求和整点进行重新起诉。
There are two types of res judicata—claim preclusion and issue preclusion. Courts sometimes use the term res judicata when referring just to claim preclusion. Properly understood, however, res judicata encompasses both types of preclusion.
既判力规则包括两项重要的内容,即民事请求排除规则和民事争点排除规则。法院有时候仅仅只在请求排除规则的意义上使用既判力规则这个术语。然而,更恰当的理解应该是既判力规则同时涵盖这两项规则。
今天我们讲第一类:请求排除规则
Claim preclusion, as its name suggests, precludes the re-litigation of claims. It is also known as “merger” and “bar”.
If a plaintiff wins a lawsuit, his or her claim is merged into the judgment, or final determination of the court. This means that the plaintiff may not file another case against the same defendant on the same claim seeking additional relief, such as more money.
If the plaintiff loses the first lawsuit the claim is extinguished by the judgment, and he or she is barred from suing the defendant again on the claim.
顾名思义,请求排除规则排除了(同一请求)的再次起诉。请求排除规则又被称为“合并规则”和“禁止规则”(“merger” and “bar”)。
如果原告胜诉,则他/她的请求就被合并至该胜诉判决或者是法院的终局决定中。这意味着原告不得基于同一请求针对同一被告再次提起诉讼,以寻求更多救济。
如果原告在前诉中败诉,其提出的请求在该判决中就会消灭,则他/她就被禁止再次基于同样的请求起诉被告。
For example, if a company violates two employment discrimination statutes in firing an employee, and the employee brings a case under only one of the statutes, claim preclusion forbids him from filing another lawsuit under the other statute. The transaction in this example is the firing. All legal rights relating to that event constitute a single claim, and thus the terminated employee must assert them all in a single lawsuit.
举个例子,如果某公司在解雇某员工时违反了两项就业歧视的规定,而该员工仅依据其中一项规定提起诉讼,请求排除规则也禁止他根据另一项规定提起诉讼。在这个案例中的系争的事项就是解雇,与解雇相关的所有的合法权利构成一项单一的请求,因此被解雇的员工必须在同一诉讼中主张所有的权利。(锦曦注:也就是说美国法上的请求排除规则不仅排除当事人在诉讼中实际提出并经法院审理过的请求,还排除当事人在诉讼中应当提出但是没有提出的请求。美国联邦最高法院判例 Commissioner v. Soonen 332 U.S. 591(1948)。)
拓展:
【1】美国法上的请求排除规则强制性地要求被告人及时提出反请求,以便相关纠纷能够合并进而一次性得以解决。如果被告方在可以提出反请求而不提出时其将永远失去诉讼的机会。(所以需要律师进行介入,一着不慎,满盘皆输啊!)
【2】美国民事请求排除规则适用的要件:①前判决具有有效性;②前诉必须具有终局性;③前判决是针对实体问题作出的;④前诉和后诉的请求相同;⑤前诉和后诉的当事人相同。其中怎么判断前诉和后诉的请求这个要件是最困难的,也最具有争议性。
【3】美国民事请求排除规则适用的除外情形:①非实质性判决;②管辖或者程序受到限制情形下作出的裁决;③法院裁定;④当事人可以通过合同来约定就多重请求分别起诉,尊重诉讼契约。⑤如果被告通过虚假陈述、隐瞒事实或者欺骗行为误导原告,导致原告在第一次起诉的过程中只提出一部分诉讼请求,那么如果原告就遗漏的请求第二次起诉,被告不得主张请求排除抗辩。
PS:对既判力问题有兴趣的同学,欢迎关注锦曦书斋,后台回复“既判力”领取系列专著。仅供个人学习、研究之用。
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复习一下:
每日法律英语词条(11):Punitive /exemplary /vindictive damages
每日法律英语词条(10):Strict liability
每日法律英语词条(9):subject to
每日法律英语词条(8):Asylum
每日法律英语词条(7):arbitration
每日法律英语词条(6):Assisted reproductive technologies (ART)
每日法律英语词条(5):Appellate jurisdiction
每日法律英语词条(4):Censorship
每日法律英语词条(3):Administrative discretion
每日法律英语词条(2):Accessory
每日法律英语词条(1):Abstention
点个在看,一起打卡吧