小词详解 | exile
exile 英 [ˈeksaɪl] 美 [ˈeksaɪl]
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外刊例句
The story begins in 1755 in Corsica where Pasquale Paoli, a revolutionary adventurer returning from exile in Naples, imbued with Enlightenment ideas about politics, economics, law and liberty, wrote and established Europe’s first modern constitution.
故事始于1755年的科西嘉岛,富有革命精神的冒险家帕斯夸里·保利从那不勒斯流放归来,头脑中充满了有关政治、经济、法律和自由的启蒙思想,撰写并建立了欧洲第一部现代宪法。
——《经济学人》As the novel opens, the Americans living in exile in an unnamed country form an underclass of low-wage labor, exploited and vilified by the locals.
随着小说的开篇,流亡在一个无名国家的美国人形成了一个低薪劳工下层阶级,受到当地人的剥削和诋毁。
——《纽约时报》
基本释义
[verb] expel and bar (someone) from their native country, typically for political or punitive reasons
[动词] (通常出于政治或惩罚原因)将(某人)从祖国驱逐出去且禁止入境
深入解读
Exile 一词源自拉丁语 exul (被放逐者),14世纪经古法语 essillier (流放、放逐、驱逐、驱赶)进入英语后,也是用来表示“流放、放逐、使流亡”,主要指出于政治或惩罚原因,将某人从祖国驱逐出去且禁止入境,也可以指因形势所迫或自愿选择而“使长期离开家乡、故土等”,比如:
由于政变,国王被终生流放到一个岛上。
The king was exiled to an island for life because of the coup.
用作名词时,exile 既可以指“流放、流亡、放逐”这个出于政治或惩罚原因而被禁止进入祖国的状态,也可以用来表示“被流放者、流亡国外者”以及“背井离乡者”,即出于强迫或自身选择而远离祖国、家乡、故土等的人,比如:
流亡政府
a government in exile政治流亡者
a political exile移居低税国家的富人
a tax exile
值得注意的是, exile 在表示“流放”时并不完全是国外流放,也可以指流放西伯利亚之类的国内流放(internal exile)。说到这里,很容易让人联想起,在马丁·路德·金的著名演讲《我有一个梦想》中,就将美国黑人喻为“故土家园中的流亡者”:
One hundred years later, the Negro is still languished in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land.
一百年后的今天,黑人仍然萎缩在美国社会的角落里,并且意识到自己是故土家园中的流亡者。
名著用例
Still you are miserable; for hope has quitted you on the very confines of life: your sun at noon darkens in an eclipse, which you feel will not leave it till the time of setting. Bitter and base associations have become the sole food of your memory: you wander here and there, seeking rest in exile: happiness in pleasure—I mean in heartless, sensual pleasure—such as dulls intellect and blights feeling.
而你仍然感到不幸,因为希望在生活的边缘离你而去,你的太阳遇上日蚀,在正午就开始暗淡,你觉得不到日落不会有所改变,痛苦和卑贱的联想,成了你记忆的唯一食品。你到处游荡,在放逐中寻求安逸,在亨乐中寻觅幸福——我的意思是沉缅于无情的肉欲,它消蚀才智,摧残情感。
出自英国女作家夏洛蒂·勃朗特(Charlotte Brontë)创作的具有自传色彩的长篇小说《简·爱》(Jane Eyre)。
同近义词
expel: force (someone) to leave a place, especially a country
banish: send (someone) away from a country or place as an official punishment
deport: expel (a foreigner) from a country, typically on the grounds of illegal status or for having committed a crime
往期回顾