期刊导航 | Urban Studies文章精选(155-158）

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Beyond variegation: The territorialisation of states, communities and developers in large-scale developments in Johannesburg, Shanghai and London

超越多样性：约翰内斯堡、上海和伦敦大型项目开发中的政府、社区和开发商的属地化

Jennifer Robinson（英国伦敦大学学院）

Fulong Wu（英国伦敦大学学院）

Phil Harrison（南非金山大学）等七位作者

首次出版时间：2022/2/22｜研究论文

Abstract: Large-scale urban development projects are a significant format of urban expansion and renewal across the globe. As generators of governance innovation and indicators of the future city in each urban context, large-scale development projects have been interpreted within frameworks of ‘variegations’ of wider circulating processes, such as neoliberalisation or financialisation. However, such projects often entail significant state support and investment, are strongly linked to a wide variety of transnational investors and developers and are frequently highly contested in their local environments. Thus, each project comes to fruition in a distinctive regulatory context, often as an exception to the norm, and each emerges through complex interactions over a long period of time amongst an array of actors. We therefore seek to broaden the discussion from an analytical focus on variegated globalised processes to consider three large-scale urban development projects (in Shanghai, Johannesburg and London) as distinctive (transcalar) territorialisations. Using an innovative comparative approach, we outline the grounds for a systematic analytical conversation across mega-urban development projects in very different contexts. Initially, comparability rests on the shared features of large-scale developments – that they are multi-jurisdictional, involve long time scales and bring significant financing challenges. Comparing three development projects, we are able to interrogate, rather than take for granted, how a range of wider processes, circulating practices, transcalar actors and territorial regulatory formations composed specific urban outcomes in each case. Thinking across these diverse cases provides grounds for rebuilding understandings of urban development politics.

摘要：大型城市开发项目是全球城市扩张和更新的重要形式。作为在每一城市背景下治理创新的推动者和未来城市的指标，人们已经在更广泛的流通过程的 “多样化” 框架内（例如新自由主义化或金融化）对大型开发项目进行了解读。然而，此类项目通常需要大量的政府支持和投资，与各种各样的跨国投资者和开发商密切相关，并且通常在当地环境中被激烈争夺。因此，每个项目都是在独特的监管环境中实现的，通常是作为打破常规的例外情形，并且，每个项目都是通过一系列参与者在很长一段时间内的复杂互动而形成的。因此，我们寻求拓宽这一探讨，从多样化全球化进程的分析重点出发，考察三个大型城市发展项目（分别位于上海、约翰内斯堡和伦敦），将其作为独特的（跨标量）地域化案例。我们使用创新性比较方法，为在背景非常不同的超大城市开发项目之间进行系统性分析对话奠定了基础。最初，可比性取决于大型开发项目的共同特征：它们涉及多个辖区、时间跨度长、并且伴随着重大的融资挑战。通过比较这三个开发项目，我们得以审视（而不是想当然地推断）在每种情况下，一系列更广泛的过程、流通实践、跨标量参与者和区域监管结构如何导致了特定的城市结果。对这些多元化案例的思考为重建对城市开发政治的理解提供了基础。

Keywords: comparative urbanism, developers, financing, large-scale urban development, state–community relations, urban politics

关键词：比较城市研究, 开发商, 融资, 大型城市开发项目, 政府—社区关系, 城市政治

原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980211064159

Creative hubs in Hanoi, Vietnam: Transgressive spaces in a socialist state?

越南河内创意中心：社会主义国家的越界空间？

Danielle Labbe（加拿大蒙特利尔大学）

Celia Zuberec（加拿大麦吉尔大学）

Sarah Turner（加拿大麦吉尔大学）

首次出版时间：2022/6/16｜研究论文

Abstract: Vietnam’s capital city has recently witnessed the emergence of a new type of cultural space akin to what have been labelled creative hubs in other contexts: that is, locales that foster creation, collaboration, community engagement and business development in the cultural sector. During the 2010s, Hanoi saw a proliferation of small-scale, art-oriented creative hubs, most of them community-led and developed without state funding. In a context marked by a government historically wary of contemporary and experimental arts, these spaces face various forms of state control ranging from the censorship of events, to stiff fines or even closure. Despite these barriers, creative hubs have become important sites for the gathering and formation of Hanoi’s contemporary arts scene and countercultures. Based on over 80 interviews conducted in 2019, this paper investigates the motives behind the rise of these spaces in Hanoi and the political engagement techniques their founders, operators and users employ to remain in operation. Drawing on the notion of ‘informal life politics’, we argue that creative hubs seek to provide spaces of (partial) autonomy from governmentality in Hanoi. We further find that artists, intellectuals and other creative individuals use these spaces to challenge state controls. They do so not by lobbying formal institutions for policy changes, but instead by enacting the more open and free socio-cultural milieu they seek, from the bottom up.

摘要：越南首都最近见证了一种新型文化空间的出现，类似于在其他情况下被称为创意中心的地方：即促进文化领域的创造、合作、社区参与和商业开发的场所。在2010年代，河内经历了以艺术为导向的小型创意中心的激增，其中大多数是由社会主导的，并没有国家的资助。在政府历来对当代和实验艺术持谨慎态度的背景下，这些空间面临着各种形式的国家控制，从事件审查到严厉罚款甚至关闭。尽管存在这些障碍，创意中心已成为河内当代艺术场景和反主流文化聚集和形成的重要场所。基于2019年进行的80多次访谈，本文研究河内这些空间兴起的动机，以及它们的创始人、运营商和用户为保持运营而采用的政治对话技巧。借鉴“非正规生活政治”的概念，我们认为创意中心寻求在河内提供（部分）自治的空间。我们进一步发现艺术家、知识分子和其他创意人士利用这些空间来挑战国家控制。为达此目的，他们不是通过游说正式机构来改变政策，而是自下而上地开创他们寻求的更开放和自由的社会文化环境。

Keywords: creative hubs, cultural spaces, Hanoi, informal politics, resistance, Vietnam

关键词：创意中心, 文化空间, 河内, 非正规政治, 抵抗, 越南

原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980221086371

African urbanisation at the confluence of informality and climate change

在非正规性与气候变化交汇处的非洲城市化

Brandon Marc Finn（美国哈佛大学）

Patrick Brandful Cobbinah（澳大利亚墨尔本大学）

首次出版时间：2022/6/24｜研究论文

Abstract: Africa contributes the least to global greenhouse gas emissions, yet it faces climate change’s harshest consequences. Ramifications of climate change pose daunting multi-scalar urban challenges, specifically because urbanisation across most African countries is embedded in, linked to and defined by various notions of informality. However, there is limited theoretical attention to the confluence of African urbanisation, informality and climate change. This article addresses this issue by laying out three fundamental matters of this relationship. First, it analyses urban informality in the context of three domains: the informal economy, informal settlements and the state. Second, it highlights the significance of climate change to theoretical and empirical studies of informality. We propose that climate change poses challenges to the practice of informality and its contemporary theorisation, prompting new questions about how African informality is understood and framed. Finally, it discusses new perspectives on planning for climate change and urban informality that do not frame ‘top-down’ and ‘bottom-up’ approaches as necessarily mutually exclusive. Climate change fundamentally challenges life within informal economies and settlements, and its synthesis within debates on African urbanisation is urgently required. Notably, and in turn, the global discourse on climate change also requires specific attention to the theories and practices of informality.

摘要：在全球，非洲排放的温室气体是最少的，但她却承受着气候变化最严重的后果。气候变化的后果带来了令人生畏的多标度城市挑战，特别是因为大多数非洲国家的城市化都嵌入了各种非正规概念、与之相联系、并由其定义。然而，同时融合非洲城市化、非正规性和气候变化的理论研究十分有限。本文通过阐述这种关系的三个基本问题来探讨这一方面。首先，我们分三个领域分析了城市非正规性：非正规经济、非正规住区和政府。其次，我们强调气候变化对非正规性理论和实证研究而言的重要性。我们认为气候变化对非正规性的实践及其当代理论提出了挑战，引发了关于如何理解和构建非洲非正规性的新问题。最后，我们讨论关于针对气候变化和城市非正规性进行规划的新观点，这些观点并不将“自上而下”和“自下而上”的方法视为必然相互排斥。气候变化从根本上挑战了非正规经济和住区中的人们的生活，迫切需要在关于非洲城市化的辩论中对其进行综合。值得注意的是，反过来，关于气候变化的全球讨论也需要特别关注非正规性的理论和实践。

Keywords: climate change, inequality, informal settlements, urbanisation

关键词：气候变化, 不平等, 非正规住区, 城市化

原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980221098946

Urban paradox and the rise of the neoliberal city: Case study of Lagos, Nigeria

城市悖论与新自由主义城市的兴起：以尼日利亚拉各斯为例

Oluwafemi Olajide（尼日利亚拉各斯大学）

Taibat Lawanson（尼日利亚拉各斯大学）

首次出版时间：2021/6/14｜研究论文

Abstract: In a bid to actualise the vision of transforming Lagos into Africa’s model megacity and global economic and financial hub, the state government has embarked on and/or supported various urban development projects. Drawing on the theoretical underpinnings of neoliberalism, we argue that governance practices in Lagos are transforming the city in a manner that is paradoxical to the intents of the city’s development plan. This paper, therefore, explores how government practices have shaped the city, and the socio-spatial consequences of the recent Lagos state government-supported developments. Of interest are projects from the Lagos State Development plan (2012–2025) which have resulted in significant spatial displacements – hence the selected case studies of Lekki Free Trade Zone and Badia-East Housing Estate. The study reveals that the Lagos state development policy results in creative destruction largely due to the uncritical embrace of market logic over social logic, thereby entrenching urban discontent and socio-spatial fragmentation across the city.

摘要：为了实现将拉各斯转变为非洲示范大城市和全球经济和金融中心的愿景，州政府启动和/或支持了各种城市开发项目。基于新自由主义的理论基础，我们认为拉各斯的治理做法正在以一种与城市发展计划的意图相矛盾的方式改变着城市。因此，本文探讨了政府做法如何塑造了城市，以及最近拉各斯州政府支持的开发项目的社会空间后果。我们关注拉各斯州发展计划（2012—2025年）中导致重大空间驱逐的项目，因此选择了莱基（Lekki）自由贸易区和巴迪亚-东（Badia-East）住宅区这两个案例进行研究。研究表明，拉各斯州的发展政策导致了创造性破坏，主要是由于不加批判地接受市场逻辑并忽视社会逻辑，从而加剧了整个城市的不满情绪和社会空间分裂。

Keywords: development, dispossession, governance, informality, neoliberalism, poverty/exclusion, redevelopment/regeneration

关键词：发展, 剥夺, 治理, 非正规性, 新自由主义, 贫困/排斥, 再开发/更新

原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980211014461

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