每周分子 | Molecule of the Week

Original ACS 美国化学会 ACS美国化学会 2022-07-01

收录于合集 #每周分子 110个

每周分子：三磷酸腺苷

Molecule of the Week:

Adenosine triphosphate

腺苷5'-三磷酸通常被称为三磷酸腺苷，其缩写形式为ATP。ATP是存在于所有生命形式中的一个重要“能量分子”。具体来说，它是一种辅酶，与ATP三磷酸酶等酶协同作用，通过释放其磷酸基将能量传递给细胞。ATP由三部分组成：腺嘌呤双环系、呋喃糖环和三磷酸链。

有两个研究小组于1929年报告了ATP的发现。哈佛医学院(波士顿)的Cyrus H. Fiske和Yellapragada Subbarow从哺乳动物的肌肉和肝脏中分离出了ATP。同样，Kariser Wilhelm Institutes(柏林和海德堡)的Karl Lohmann在肌肉组织中也发现了ATP。

在接下来的15年中，人们从其他资源中分离ATP的工作一直在进行。日本千叶大学的Koscak Maruyama于1987年写了一篇关于ATP的发现和结构解析方面的综述文章。

Biology Dictionary披露了几种ATP的生物合成方法：

许多具光合磷酸化是植物和蓝藻所特有的一种方法，在光合作用过程中，利用光能由ADP生成ATP。ATP也可在细胞线粒体中的细胞呼吸过程中生成。这可以通过有氧呼吸(需要氧气)或厌氧呼吸(不需要氧气)来实现。有氧呼吸从葡萄糖和氧气生成ATP(以及二氧化碳和水)。厌氧呼吸使用除氧以外的其他化学物质，生活在厌氧环境中的古菌和细菌主要使用厌氧呼吸。发酵是生产ATP的另一种不需要氧气的方法。发酵与厌氧呼吸不同，因为它不使用电子传输链。酵母和细菌是利用发酵生成ATP的生物例子。

线粒体中合成的ATP是重要生物功能(如肌肉收缩、神经冲动传递和蛋白质合成)的主要能源。哥德堡大学(瑞典哥德堡)的SusannaTörnroth-Horsefield和Richard Neutze表示：“每一天，你都会把你的体重换算成ATP(细胞的主要能量货币)。”

ATP信息速览

CAS 登记号	56-65-5
SciFinder命名	Adenosine 5′-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate)
分子式	C₁₀H₁₆N₅O₁₃P₃
摩尔质量	507.18 g/mol
外观	白色粉末
熔点	176 ºC
水溶性	≈1 kg/L

ATP危害信息

不是危害物质或混合物

【关于每周分子】

自2001年以来，“每周分子”已成为广受欢迎的栏目。多数分子由读者推荐。每个结构都经由科学家审查，并以3-D和平面图像的形式显示，同时附有该分子简介。可以通过美国化学文摘社 (CAS) 提供的SciFinder中的CAS REGISTRY获取“每周分子”的更多信息。CAS REGISTRY中的每条物质信息都展示了物质的CAS登记号、索引名、通用名、商品名、书目信息等其他更多信息。发送邮件至motw@acs.org推荐您感兴趣的分子吧。

Adenosine 5′-triphosphate, abbreviated ATP and usually expressed without the 5′-, is an important “energy molecule” found in all life forms. Specifically, it is a coenzyme that works with enzymes such as ATP triphosphatase to transfer energy to cells by releasing its phosphate groups. The molecule consists of three components: an adenine bicyclic system, a furanose ring, and a triphosphate chain.

Two research groups reported the discovery of ATP in 1929. Cyrus H. Fiske and Yellapragada Subbarow at Harvard Medical School (Boston) isolated it from mammalian muscle and liver. Likewise, Karl Lohmann at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institutes (Berlin and Heidelberg) identified it in muscle tissues.

ATP isolation from other sources followed over the next 15 years. Koscak Maruyama at Chiba University (Japan) wrote a comprehensive review of the discovery and structure elucidation of ATP in 1987.

ATP is biosynthesized in several ways, as described by Biology Dictionary:

Photophosphorylation is a method specific to plants and cyanobacteria. It is the creation of ATP from ADP using energy from sunlight, and occurs during photosynthesis. ATP is also formed from the process of cellular respiration in the mitochondria of a cell. This can be through aerobic respiration, which requires oxygen, or anaerobic respiration, which does not. Aerobic respiration produces ATP (along with carbon dioxide and water) from glucose and oxygen. Anaerobic respiration uses chemicals other than oxygen, and this process is primarily used by archaea and bacteria that live in anaerobic environments. Fermentation is another way of producing ATP that does not require oxygen; it is different from anaerobic respiration because it does not use an electron transport chain. Yeast and bacteria are examples of organisms that use fermentation to generate ATP.

ATP synthesized in mitochondria is the primary energy source for important biological functions, such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and protein synthesis. According to Susanna Törnroth-Horsefield and Richard Neutze at the University of Gothenburg (Göteborg, Sweden), “On any given day you turn over your body weight equivalent in ATP, the principal energy currency of the cell.”

ATPfast facts

CAS Reg. No.	56-65-5
SciFinder nomenclature	Adenosine 5′-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate)
Empirical formula	C₁₀H₁₆N₅O₁₃P₃
Molar mass	507.18 g/mol
Appearance	White powder
Melting point	176 ºC
Water solubility	≈1 kg/L

ATP hazard information

Not a hazardous substance or mixture

About Molecule of the Week

MOTW has been a popular feature on ACS website since 2001. Many molecules are suggested by our website visitors. Every structure is reviewed by a scientist and displayed in 3-D and flat images with a brief description. Each week’s molecule also links to a sample record from the CAS REGISTRY, which is searched using SciFinder. Each record displays the registry number, index name and synonyms, bibliographic information, and more. Send us a molecule suggestion at motw@acs.org.

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