每日法律英语词条（18）：Cease and desist orders（禁止令）
每日法律英语词条每日精选一个重要的法律英语词条，梳理这个词条的含义和相关判例。
Cease and desist order refer to an order issued by courts, tribunals or the government authorities directing a person to discontinue an activity or practice which is in violation of the law. It may also specify the action which should be taken to remedy the situation.
禁止令是一项由法庭、审裁机构或政府部门发出的命令，指示某人必须中止违反法律的活动或行为。制止令亦可指明应该采取的行动，借以补救情况。（锦曦注：这里翻译为禁止令，香港常用译法是终止及停止令或者终止及停止命令）
Federal agencies that have imposed such orders include but are not limited to the Federal Trade Commission, the National Labor Relations Board, the Securities and Exchange Commission, and the International Trade Commission.
发出此类命令的联邦机构包括但不限于联邦贸易委员会，美国国家劳资关系委员会，证券交易委员会和国际贸易委员会。
For example, the FTC will impose such an order where an entity such as a partnership, corporation, or other person or individual has been found guilty of unfair methods of competition and unfair or deceptive acts or practices, such as “price discrimination,” in interstate commerce.
例如，当一个实体，如合伙企业、公司或者其他对象或者个体被裁定在洲际贸易中使用不公平竞争的方法以及存在不公平或者欺骗性的行为或者或做法时（如价格歧视），美国联邦贸易委员会会发出禁止令。
Civil penalties for the violations of cease and desist orders may be recovered in subsequent civil proceedings.
违反制止令的民事罚款会在随后的民事程序中追缴。
After receiving due process in an administrative agency hearing, a defendant ordered by an administrative law judge to refrain from continuing specifically defined illegal practices in violation of a federal statute may contest the findings and the decision by seeking judicial review of any cease and desist order but must continue to comply with the order, which may include the filing of annual or special reports or providing specific disclosure of internal proprietary information.
在行政机构听证会中经过正当程序后，被美国行政法官发出制止令禁止继续违反联邦法规中明确规定的非法行为的被告可以通过请求对制止令进行司法审查，从而对调查结果和裁决提出异议，但是在异议期间，被告人必须继续遵守制止令，其中可能包括提交年度报告，或者特别报告，或者提供对于内部专有信息的特定披露。
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每日法律英语词条（17）：Contingency fees（成功酬金/胜诉分成）
每日法律英语词条（16）：Injunction
每日法律英语词条（15）：Restraining order
每日法律英语词条（14）：Clear and convincing evidence
每日法律英语词条（13）：Defamation
每日法律英语词条（12）：Res judicata→Claim preclusion
每日法律英语词条（11）：Punitive /exemplary /vindictive damages
每日法律英语词条（10）：Strict liability
每日法律英语词条（9）：subject to
每日法律英语词条（8）：Asylum
每日法律英语词条（7）：arbitration
每日法律英语词条（6）：Assisted reproductive technologies (ART)
每日法律英语词条（5）：Appellate jurisdiction
每日法律英语词条（4）：Censorship
每日法律英语词条（3）：Administrative discretion
每日法律英语词条（2）：Accessory
每日法律英语词条（1）：Abstention
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