性社会学研究 | Culture, Health & Sexuality 英文文献编译（四）
【编者按】
性社会学，只不过是社会学的一个弱小分支。在西方，它发展不过百年，学者不过百人；在中国则更是历史短而人数少，但是，它研究的却是人类生活中发生最频繁、体验最深刻、意义最广泛的重大活动之一。人类智慧数千年来对于自身的几乎一切认识和争论，都可以在“性”（sexuality）这里得到集中的体现：精神与肉体、个人与社会、美与丑、生命与死亡，等等，不一而足。不妨说，“性”是研究人类的最佳切入点之一。
在2019年，性研究ing在介绍会议论文及其他重要原创性研究成果之余，推出“性社会学研究文献回顾”栏目，介绍发表在中英文期刊上的部分性研究文献（仅摘编题目与摘要），为学术研究提供一些检索便利，也方便了解中文的研究语境。中文文献的梳理偏重中国大陆，以五年为间隔，以社会学与人类学领域为主。英文文献以 Culture, Health and Sexuality 为主，介绍最新期刊的论文情况。
本期编译的是《文化、健康与性》（Culture, Health and Sexuality）杂志的第21卷2019年第5期，共7篇论文和1篇简报。点击文章末尾“阅读原文”链接，可进入Culture, Health and Sexuality期刊的官方网站，查阅各期发表信息及部分文章原文。
本期为近期“性社会学研究”文献编译系列的最后一篇推送。本系列仅作为介绍性社会学的一个小引，欢迎感兴趣的读者在性社会学研究的中英文领域进行更加广泛、深入的阅读。
论文：
01
“其中一位好人”：
捐精者的男性气概和丹麦精子数量下降的话语
Alison Wheatley
丹麦的精子库面向全世界生产和输出捐献的精液。精子库的作用是提供从理想的捐赠者处得到的高质量、安全的精液。然而据报道，在过去的20年里全球的精子数量正在下降。伴随着这些话语的言外之意是：低生育率是一种个人的失败，暗示着“生育率”和“性能力”之间的结合。
本文通过对丹麦精子捐献者的定性研究，考察他们如何构建自己作为捐献者和“好精子”的生产者的身份。他们对产出尽可能好的精子的动力以及由此带来的信心提升的叙述，都与关于男人的性能力、潜能和身体表现的观念密切相关，并以丹麦精子数量明显下降引起的道德恐慌为背景。
'One of the good guys': sperm donor masculinity and the falling Danish sperm count discourse
Sperm banks in Denmark produce and export donor semen worldwide. The role of the sperm bank is to provide high-quality, safe semen from desirable donors. However, over the last 20 years, global sperm counts are reported to be falling. Along with these discourses comes the implication that poor fertility is a personal failing, which implies a conflation of 'fertility' with 'potency'.
This paper draws on qualitative research with Danish sperm donors to explore how donors construct their identities as donors and as the producers of ‘good sperm’. Accounts of the drive to produce the best sperm possible and the resultant confidence boost are bound up in ideas about masculine potency and potential and bodily performance and set against a backdrop of a moral panic surrounding the apparently declining Danish sperm count.
02
Passivos、ativos和versáteis：
巴西东北部男男性行为者、性爱角色和HIV易感性
Luis Felipe Rios, Vera Paiva
& Sandra Brignol
在巴西，相比于只进行插入性肛交的男性（编者注：他们在葡萄牙语中被称为ativos，中文语境中通常称为1）而言，只进行接受性肛交的男性（passivos，0）和两种性行为均有的男性（versáteis，0.5）感染HIV的风险更大。
本文结合了参与式观察、25次传记式访谈和对巴西累西腓大都市地区380名自我认同为男男性行为者的受访者的行为调查，研究了生理-社会性别系统如何通过身体风格化（男性化和女性化）在男男性爱场景中引发性欲和确定性爱角色。
分析表明，生理-社会性别系统倾向于强化这样的形象，即将阳刚的男性描绘成ativos（1）、将女气的男性描绘成passivos（0）。然而，谈及性爱角色定位， versáteis（0.5）是最常见的（83.3%），这可能会增加HIV感染和传播的可能性。风格化还会导致暴力方面的差异，暴力与性取向（例如，女气男性遭受过暴力的可能性是阳刚男性的1.9倍）和性欲（例如，女气男性性欲被拒绝的可能性是阳刚男性的6.1倍）有关。性爱角色定位和风格化共同使得男男性行为群体中的性脚本和HIV传染路径得以传播，从而使个人和社会容易受到艾滋病的影响。
Passivos, ativos and versáteis:
men who have sex with men, sexual positions and vulnerability to HIV infection in the northeast of Brazil
In Brazil, men who practise receptive anal sex (passivos) and both insertive and receptive anal sex (versáteis) are at greater risk of HIV infection than men who practise only insertive anal sex (ativos).
In this study, which combined participant observation, 25 biographical interviews and a behavioural survey of 380 self-identified men who had sex with men in the metropolitan region of Recife (Brazil), we investigated how the sex-gender system, through body stylisation (masculine and effeminate) engenders desire and sexual positioning in men’s sexual scenes.
The analysis indicated that the sex-gender system tends to reinforce images that portray masculine men as ativos and effeminate men as passivos. However, regarding sexual positioning, sexual versatility is most common (83.3%), which can increase the likelihood of HIV infection and transmission. Stylisations also engender differences in violence related to sexual orientation (e.g. effeminate men were 1.9 times more likely to have experienced violence than masculine men) and desirability (e.g. effeminate men are 6.1 times more likely to be rejected erotically than masculine men). Sexual positioning and stylisation jointly enable community sexual scripts and pathways for HIV to circulate, producing individual and social vulnerability to the epidemic.
03
“在岛上人们不会真正谈论这些事情，所以你只能靠自己度过一生”：一项基于艺术的、考察萨摩亚年轻人亲密关系的研究
Emma Heard, Lisa Fitzgerald,
Sina Va’ai et al.
本研究探讨了对萨摩亚年轻人对亲密关系的理解和概念化——萨摩亚年轻人是一个高危人群，他们经历着高发的亲密伴侣暴力，并且放弃了对性健康与亲密关系健康的促进。我们洞察到要与这个群体一起发展有关预防的知识和实践，以满足这一迫切需求。
我们运用了基于艺术的方法——包括为期两天的互动戏剧工作坊，加上后续的朋辈主导的焦点小组，与来自萨摩亚各地的15名受过高等教育的年轻人（9名女性和6名男性）探讨了与亲密关系有关的看法和理解。交叉性为数据收集和主题分析提供了信息，考察了参与者的生活经历，以及多重交叉的身份在社会和文化系统中相互作用、以影响和呈现这些经历的方式。
研究结果突出了对年轻人而言重要的张力，包括年龄、性别、宗教和性与社会等级和权力结构、社会规定的性别规范、家庭结构和全球化之间互动的方式。本研究提供的洞见有助于为制定预防策略提供信息，以从根源上解决亲密伴侣暴力问题，为年轻人发展免受暴力侵害的亲密关系建立所需的知识和技能。
'In the Islands people don’t really talk about this stuff, so you go through life on your own': An arts-based study exploring intimate relationships with young people in Samoa
This study explores conceptualisations and understandings of intimate relationships with young people in Samoa – an at-risk group experiencing high rates of intimate partner violence and alienation from sexual and relationship health promotion. Insights contribute to the immediate need to advance knowledge and practice around prevention with this group.
An arts-based approach, which included a two-day interactive drama workshop coupled with follow-up, peer-led focus groups, was used to explore perceptions and understandings related to intimate relationships with 15 tertiary educated young people (nine female and six male) from across Samoa. Intersectionality informed the data collection and thematic analysis, examining participants’ lived experiences and the ways multiple and intersecting identities interact within social and cultural systems to influence and inform these experiences.
Outcomes highlight important tensions for young people, including the way in which age, gender, religion and sexuality interact with social hierarchies and power structures, socially prescribed gender norms, family structures and globalisation. This research provides insights that can inform the development of prevention strategies to address the root causes of intimate partner violence, building the knowledge and skills required for establishing intimate relationships free from violence with young people.
04
优化巴西跨性别妇女的HIV干预方案
Jae Sevelius, Laura Rebecca Murray,
Nilo Martinez Fernandes et al.
在巴西，几乎没有数据能够为针对异装和跨性别妇女的HIV预防方案提供信息，尽管近年来出现了一场日益壮大的社会运动。我们在里约热内卢进行了形成性研究，收集跨性别妇女对HIV综合预防方法的看法。在性别肯定模型的分析框架下，我们发现，一些社会因素和语境因素阻碍了受访者获得对HIV的预防和治疗。经历过的和预期的性别歧视与艾滋病污名，与避免HIV检测、医疗服务和HIV状况披露有关。
受访者建议采取社会-结构干预（例如基于同伴的赋权和社会支持）与生物医学干预（例如暴露前预防）相结合的HIV预防干预措施。受访者表示，她们倾向于强调性别肯定方法、促进自主和旨在减少公共卫生服务中的污名和歧视的那些方案。
Optimising HIV programming for
transgender women in Brazil
In Brazil, little data is available to inform HIV prevention programming for travestis and transgender (‘trans’) women, despite the existence of a social movement that has gained strength in recent years. We conducted formative research in Rio de Janeiro to gather trans women’s perspectives on combination HIV prevention approaches. Framing the analysis within the model of gender affirmation, we found that several social and contextual factors inhibited participants’ access to HIV prevention and treatment. Experienced and anticipated gender-related discrimination and HIV stigma were linked to the avoidance of HIV testing, health services and HIV status disclosure.
Participants recommended HIV prevention interventions which combined socio-structural interventions, such as peer-based empowerment and social support, with biomedical interventions such as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Participants expressed a preference for programmes and interventions that emphasised a gender-affirmative approach, promoted autonomy and aimed to reduce stigma and discrimination in public health services.
05
莱索托的女同性恋者、男同性恋者、双性恋者和跨性别者对社会制约和社会变革的经历和看法
Carmen H. Logie, Jonathan Alschech,
Adrian Guta et al.
女同性恋者、男同性恋者、双性恋者、跨性别者和其他性与性别多元的人们在世界各地为自己的身份进行谈判、建立社区并主张自己的权利。然而，在同性间的性实践最近被非罪化的语境下，例如2010年在莱索托，关于性与性别多元人群对社会变革的看法的数据比较有限。
我们对性与性别多元者（n = 46）和六名关键的报告者进行了半结构式的深度访谈，运用社会世界理论对研究结果进行了分析。受访者从结构的（法律制度、就业、教育）、社区的（认为性与性别多元和巴索托文化有冲突的信念；污名）和家庭的（与宗教和文化的性别经济传统之间的张力）维度讨论了社会制约和边缘化。他们的叙述还揭示了在结构（法律、就业和教育领域变化着的规范）、社区（更大的和LGBT的社区的变化）、家庭（协商式的接受）和内部（积极抵抗）等领域的所感知到的变化。
本文所报告的研究结果可以为挑战污名、暴力和性别不平等的多面向方案提供信息；建立社会资本；并解决莱索托性与性别多元者的健康和人权优先事项。
Experiences and perceptions of social constraints and social change among lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender persons in Lesotho
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and other sexually and gender diverse persons negotiate for their identities, create communities and advocate for their rights throughout the world. However, there are limited data about the perceptions of social change among sexually and gender diverse persons in contexts where same-sex sexual practices have been recently decriminalised, such as in 2010 in Lesotho.
We conducted semi-structured in-depth interviews with sexually and gender diverse persons (n = 46) and six key informants. Findings were analysed using Social Worlds Theory. Participants discussed social constraints and marginalisation across structural (legal systems, employment, education), community (beliefs that sexual and gender diversity are incongruent with Basotho culture; stigma), and familial (tensions with religion and cultural gendered economic traditions) dimensions. The narratives also revealed perceived change across structural (changing norms in legal, employment and education spheres), community (larger community and LGBT community change), familial (negotiating acceptance), and internal (active resistance) domains.
The findings reported here can inform multi-faceted programmes to challenge stigma, violence and gender inequity; build social capital; and address the health and human rights priorities of sexually and gender diverse persons in Lesotho.
06
探索地方化性别规范与性和生殖健康干预的意外影响之间的交叉：在莫桑比克赞比西亚省，尊敬和成为一个“好女孩”的意义
Rachel Lenzi, Catherine Packer,
Kathleen Ridgeway et al.
“女性优先”是2010年至2015年在莫桑比克赞比西亚省实施的一项经济和社会赋权综合干预措施。该干预措施旨在降低少女感染HIV和遭受性别暴力的风险，提高入学率，为女孩赋权。然而，在方案评估的过程中，对女孩提高尊重的看法，成为了一个意料之外的效果。
在本文中，我们从干预的参与者、他们的户主、他们生活中有影响力的男人和社区成员的角度，探讨了对尊敬和女孩良好行为的主位定义，以及人们对干预措施如何改善了行为的看法。我们在实施干预的12个农村社区、两个时间点进行了深度访谈和焦点组讨论。受访者这样形容“好女孩”：恭顺听话；富有成效，愿意为家庭和社区服务；性贞洁，衣着朴素。受访者认为，干预措施强化或教授了这些行为，尽管这些行为通常与正式干预内容之外的那些性别规范一致，有时还与干预措施的主要目标相违背。
文章还讨论了这些对于未来的性和生殖健康干预方案的影响。
Exploring intersections of localised gender norms and unanticipated effects of a sexual and reproductive health intervention: implications of respect and being a “good girl” in Zambézia Province, Mozambique
Women First was a combined economic and social empowerment intervention implemented between 2010 and 2015 in Zambézia Province, Mozambique. The intervention was designed to reduce adolescent girls’ risk of HIV and gender-based violence, improve school attendance and empower girls. However, perceptions of girls’ improved respectfulness also emerged as an unanticipated effect during the programme evaluation.
In this paper, we explore emic definitions of respect and girls’ good behaviour and perceptions of how the intervention caused improvements in behaviour from the perspective of intervention participants, their heads of household, influential men in their lives, and community members. In depth interviews and focus group discussions were conducted at two time points in 12 rural communities where the intervention was implemented. Respondents described “good girls” as deferential and obedient; productive and willing to serve their families and communities; and sexually chaste and modestly dressed. Respondents believed the intervention had reinforced or taught these behaviours, although they were generally aligned with gender norms that were not part of the formal intervention content and sometimes contrary to the intervention’s primary goals.
Implications for future sexual and reproductive health programmes are discussed.
07
“我爱了他一辈子”：解放后中国的爱情、责任和同性恋
Youchun Zhang, Heather Worth,
Jing Jun et al.
本文来源于对中国四个城市31名老年男同性恋者的口述史研究。文章展现了自1949年中华人民共和国成立以来，中国历史上的重大事件如何介入个人生活，以及反过来个人生活如何被卷入更大的历史事件中。贯穿这些生活叙事的主题之一是爱情和责任。责任和爱情之间的相互关系和张力是中国老年男同性恋者的经历的核心部分；他们的生活被艰辛和责任所困扰，也被爱情的快乐所困扰，这些都影响到了他们的健康和幸福。
彭先生的个人经历说明了爱情和责任在关键生活事件中如何以重要但不断变化的方式交织在一起。他的叙述错综复杂地交织着对家庭的爱、对邓——他20年的男伴的爱、对妻子的爱，以及对家庭和配偶的责任。爱情和责任无法分割的关联，既是艰难和痛苦的源泉，也是保护和巨大的快乐的源泉。
'I loved him all my life': love, duty and homosexuality in post-liberation China
This article is born out of an oral history study of 31 elderly homosexual men in four cities in China. It shows the ways in which major events of Chinese history since the birth of the People’s Republic in 1949 intervene in personal lives and, in turn, how personal lives are drawn into larger historical events. One of the major themes running through these life narratives is that of love and duty. The interrelationship, as well as the tensions, between duty and love is a central part of the experiences of elderly Chinese homosexual men; their lives have been beset by hardships and duty, as well as by the joys of love, and these have an impact on their health and wellbeing.
The experience of one individual, Mr Peng, illustrates the important yet shifting ways in which love and duty have been twinned throughout key life events. His narrative indicates an intricate interweaving of love for family, love for Deng, his male partner of 20 years, and love for his wife, as well as duty to family and to a patron. The inseparable couplet of love and duty served as the source of hardship and pain, but also of protection and great joy.
简报：
08
马拉维的社区对产科瘘管病的看法
Josephine Changole, Ursula Kafulafula,
Johanne Sundby et al.
证据确凿，产科瘘管病是一种严重的产伤，是由于长时间难产而未能及时缓解造成的。外行人对起因的理解往往不同。本研究试图探究马拉维农村地区的人们对产科瘘的认识和地方性含义。我们有针对性地选取了位于马拉维中心地区一些社区，对关键报告人进行了访谈，对社区成员进行了焦点组讨论。我们使用Nvivo 10对资料进行归类，并进行了主题分析。
研究结果表明，当地社区对瘘管病有相当程度的意识；然而，社区成员对其病因的知识非常有限。受访者将产科瘘与性传播疾病、妇女在分娩期间懒于用力、巫术和丈夫的不忠联系在一起，这些因素导致患病的妇女遭到孤立。从总体上根除产科瘘管病、特别是根除其社会后果的策略，应包含更多关于病因和预防的信息。这可能有助于消除对瘘管病的误解，增加对患有瘘管病的妇女的接受和支持，并继而改善她们的生活质量以及今后可能患有这种疾病的女孩和妇女的生活。
Community perceptions of obstetric fistula in Malawi
It is well-documented that obstetric fistula, a severe birth injury, is caused by a prolonged obstructed labour that has not been relieved on time. Lay people often understand causation differently. This study sought to explore the awareness and local meanings attached to obstetric fistula in the rural parts of Malawi. We conducted interviews with key informants and focus group discussions with community members in purposively selected communities in the central region of Malawi. We categorised data using Nvivo 10 and conducted a thematic analysis.
Findings indicate that there is considerable awareness about fistula in local communities; however, community members have very limited knowledge about its causes. Participants associated obstetric fistula with sexually transmitted diseases, the woman's laziness to push during labour, witchcraft and the husband's infidelity, which contributed to the isolation of the affected women. Strategies to eradicate obstetric fistula in general, and its social consequences in particular, should include more information on causes and prevention. This may help to dispel misconceptions about fistula, increase acceptance and support for women with fistula, and subsequently improve the quality of their lives and the lives of girls and women who may suffer from this condition in the future.
往期
回顾
“性社会学研究”系列
第3期 Culture, Health & Sexuality 英文文献编译一
第6期 Culture, Health & Sexuality 英文文献编译二
第9期 Culture, Health & Sexuality 英文文献编译三
第11期 中国大陆硕博学位论文：1999-2003
第12期 Culture, Health & Sexuality 英文文献编译四