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1

抗日战争胜利后的时局和我们的方针

THE SITUATION AND OUR POLICY AFTER THE VICTORY IN THE WAR OF RESISTANCE AGAINST JAPAN

（一九四五年八月十三日）

August 13, 1945

* 这是毛泽东在延安干部会议上的讲演。

[This speech was delivered by Comrade Mao Tse-tung at a meeting of cadres in Yenan.

这篇讲演根据马克思列宁主义的阶级分析的方法，深刻地分析了抗日战争胜利后的中国政治的基本形势，并且提出了无产阶级的革命策略。

Based on the Marxist-Leninist method of class analysis, it presented a penetrating study of the fundamental political situation in China after victory in the War of Resistance Against Japan and set forth the revolutionary tactics of the proletariat.

正如毛泽东一九四五年四月在中国共产党第七次全国代表大会的开幕词中所指出的，在打败了日本帝国主义以后，中国仍然有成为一个新中国和还是一个老中国的两种命运，两个前途。

As Comrade Mao Tse-tung had pointed out in his opening address at the Seventh National Congress of the Communist Party of China in April 1945, China after defeating Japanese imperialism still faced two destinies, two futures -- either to become a new China or to remain the old China.

以蒋介石为代表的中国大地主大资产阶级，要从人民手中夺取抗日战争胜利的果实，要使中国仍旧成为大地主大资产阶级专政的半殖民地半封建的国家。

The big landlords and big bourgeoisie of China, represented by Chiang Kai-shek, wanted to wrest the fruits of victory in the War of Resistance from the hands of the people and to keep China a semi-colonial and semi-feudal country under their dictatorship. 

代表无产阶级和人民大众利益的中国共产党，一方面要尽力争取和平，反对内战，

The Communist Party of China, representing the interests of the proletariat and the masses of the people, on the one hand strove for peace and opposed civil war with all its strength.

另一方面必须对于蒋介石发动全国规模内战的反革命计划有充分的准备，采取正确的方针，

On the other hand, it had to prepare fully against Chiang Kai-shek's counter-revolutionary plot of launching a country-wide civil war and had to adopt the correct policy,

这就是说，对于帝国主义和反动派不抱幻想，不怕威吓，坚决保卫人民的斗争果实，努力建立无产阶级领导的、人民大众的、新民主主义的新中国。

that is to say, to harbour no illusions about imperialism and reaction, to have no fear of their threats, to resolutely safeguard the fruits of the people's struggle and strive to build a new China -- a new-democratic China of the broad masses of the people under the leadership of the proletariat.

中国的两种命运、两个前途的决定胜败的斗争，就是从抗日战争结束直到中华人民共和国成立的这个历史时期的内容，这个历史时期就是中国人民解放战争或第三次国内革命战争时期。

The decisive struggle between the two destinies, the two futures facing China, constituted the content of the historical period from the conclusion of the War of Resistance Against Japan to the founding of the People's Republic of China, the historical period of the Chinese People's War of Liberation or Third Revolutionary Civil War.

蒋介石在美国帝国主义的援助下，在抗日战争结束以后一再撕毁和平的协议，发动了空前的反革命的大内战，企图消灭人民力量。

After the War of Resistance, Chiang Kai-shek, supported by U.S. imperialism, tore up peace agreements again and again and launched a gigantic counter-revolutionary civil war without parallel in history in an attempt to wipe out the people's forces.

由于中国共产党的正确领导，中国人民只经历了四年的斗争，就在全国范围内取得了战胜蒋介石、建立新中国的伟大胜利。

Because of the correct leadership of the Communist Party of China it took the Chinese people only four years of struggle to win a great country-wide victory -- the overthrow of Chiang Kai-shek and the creation of a new China.]

最近几天是远东时局发生极大变动的时候。

These are days of tremendous change in the situation in the Far East.

日本帝国主义投降的大势已经定了。

The surrender of Japanese imperialism is now a foregone conclusion.

日本投降的决定因素是苏联参战。

The decisive factor for Japan's surrender is the entry of the Soviet Union into the war.

百万红军进入中国的东北，这个力量是不可抗拒的。

A million Red Army troops are entering China's Northeast; this force is irresistible.

日本帝国主义已经不能继续打下去了。

Japanese imperialism can no longer continue the fight.[1]

中国人民的艰苦抗战，已经取得了胜利。

The Chinese people's hard and bitter War of Resistance is crowned with victory.

抗日战争当作一个历史阶段来说，已经过去了。

As a historical stage, the War of Resistance Against Japan is now over.

在这种形势下面，中国国内的阶级关系，国共两党的关系，现在怎么样，

In these circumstances, what are the relations among the different classes in China and what are the relations between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party at present?

将来可能怎么样？

What will they be like in the future?

我党的方针怎么样？

What is the policy of our Party?

这是全国人民很关心的问题，是全党同志很关心的问题。

These are questions of great concern to the people of the whole country and to all members of our Party.

国民党怎么样？

What about the Kuomintang?

看它的过去，就可以知道它的现在；

Look at its past, and you can tell its present;

看它的过去和现在，就可以知道它的将来。

look at its past and present, and you can tell its future.

这个党过去打过整整十年的反革命内战。

In the past, this party carried on a counter-revolutionary civil war for ten whole years.

在抗日战争中间，在一九四○年、一九四一年和一九四三年，它发动过三次大规模的反共高潮[1]，每一次都准备发展成为全国范围的内战，

During the War of Resistance it launched three large-scale anti-Communist campaigns, [2] in 1940, 1941 and 1943, each time attempting to develop the attack into a country-wide civil war.

仅仅由于我党的正确政策和全国人民的反对，才没有实现。

It was only because of the correct policy adopted by our Party and the opposition of the people of the whole country that its attempts failed.

中国大地主大资产阶级的政治代表蒋介石，大家知道，是一个极端残忍和极端阴险的家伙。

As everyone knows, Chiang Kai-shek, the political representative of China's big landlords and big bourgeoisie, is a most brutal and treacherous fellow.

他的政策是袖手旁观，等待胜利，保存实力，准备内战。

His policy has been to look on with folded arms, wait for victory, conserve his forces and prepare for civil war.

果然胜利被等来了，这位“委员长”现在要“下山”[2]了。

Indeed, the victory he has been waiting for has arrived, and now this "generalissimo" is about to "come down from the mountain".[3]

八年来我们和蒋介石调了一个位置：以前我们在山上，他在水边[3]；

In the past eight years we have changed places with Chiang Kai-shek -- formerly we were on the mountain and he was by the water;[4]

抗日时期，我们在敌后，他上了山。

during the War of Resistance we were behind the enemy lines and he went up the mountain.

现在他要下山了，要下山来抢夺抗战胜利的果实了。

Now he is coming down from the mountain, coming down to seize the fruits of victory.

我们解放区的人民和军队，八年来在毫无外援的情况之下，完全靠着自己的努力，解放了广大的国土，抗击了大部的侵华日军和几乎全部的伪军。

During the past eight years the people and army of our Liberated Areas, receiving no aid whatsoever from outside and relying solely on their own efforts, liberated vast territories and resisted and pinned down the bulk of the Japanese invading forces and practically all the puppet troops.

由于我们的坚决抗战，英勇奋斗，大后方[4]的二万万人民才没有受到日本侵略者摧残，二万万人民所在的地方才没有被日本侵略者占领。

Only by our determined resistance and heroic struggle were the 200 million people in the Great Rear Area [5] saved from being trampled underfoot by the Japanese aggressors and the regions inhabited by these 200 million people saved from Japanese occupation.

蒋介石躲在峨眉山上，前面有给他守卫的，这就是解放区，就是解放区的人民和军队。

Chiang Kai-shek hid on Mount Omei with guards in front of him -- the guards were the Liberated Areas, the people and army of the Liberated Areas.

我们保卫了大后方的二万万人民，同时也就保卫了这位“委员长”，给了他袖手旁观、坐待胜利的时间和地方。

In defending the 200 million people of the Great Rear Area, we protected this "generalissimo" as well and gave him both the time and the space to sit around waiting for victory with folded arms.

时间——八年零一个月，

Time -- eight years one month.

地方——二万万人民所在的地方，

Space -- an area inhabited by 200 million people.

这些条件是我们给他的。

These conditions we provided for him.

没有我们，他是旁观不成的。

But for us, he could not have stood by looking on.

那末，“委员长”是不是感谢我们呢？

Is the "generalissimo" grateful to us, then?

他不！

No, not he!

此人历来是不知感恩的。

This fellow has never known what it is to be grateful.

蒋介石是怎样上台的？

How did Chiang Kai-shek climb to power?

是靠北伐战争，靠第一次国共合作，靠那时候人民还没有摸清他的底细，还拥护他。

By the Northern Expedition, [6] by the first period of co-operation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, [7] by the support given him by the people, who had not yet seen through him.

他上了台，非但不感谢人民，还把人民一个巴掌打了下去，把人民推入了十年内战的血海。

Once in power, Chiang Kai-shek, far from being grateful to the people, knocked them down and plunged them into the bloodbath of ten years of civil war.

这段历史同志们都是知道的。

You comrades are familiar with this segment of history.

这一次抗日战争，中国人民又保卫了他。

During the present War of Resistance the Chinese people again defended him.

现在抗日战争胜利了，日本要投降了，他绝不感谢人民，

This war is now ending in victory and Japan is on the point of surrender, but he is not at all grateful to the people.

相反地，翻一翻一九二七年的老账，还想照样来干。

On the contrary, thumbing through the records of 1927, he wants to act in the same old way.[8]

蒋介石说中国过去没有过“内战”，只有过“剿匪”；

He says there has never been any "civil war" in China, only "bandit suppression".

不管叫做什么吧，总之是要发动反人民的内战，要屠杀人民。

Whatever he likes to call it, the fact is he wants to start a civil war against the people, he wants to slaughter the people.

当全国规模的内战还没有爆发的时候，人民中间和我们党内的许多同志中间，对于这个问题还不是都认识得清楚的。

Until a civil war breaks out all over the country, many of the people and many of our Party comrades will not have a very clear understanding of this question.

因为大规模的内战还没有到来，内战还不普遍、不公开、不大量，就有许多人认为：“不一定吧！”

Since civil war is not yet here on a large scale, since it is not yet widespread or out in the open and since the battles are not yet numerous, many people think, "Well, there may not be a civil war after all!"

还有许多人怕打内战。

Many others are afraid of civil war.

怕，是有理由的，

Their fear is not without reason.

因为过去打了十年，抗战又打八年，再打，怎么得了。

There were ten years of fighting and then another eight years of the War of Resistance; if the fighting keeps on, where will it all end?

产生怕的情绪是很自然的。

It is quite natural that such fears should arise.

对于蒋介石发动内战的阴谋，我党所采取的方针是明确的和一贯的，这就是坚决反对内战，不赞成内战，要阻止内战。

With regard to Chiang Kai-shek's plot to launch a civil war, our Party's policy has been clear and consistent, that is, resolutely to oppose civil war, be against civil war and prevent civil war.

今后我们还要以极大的努力和耐心领导着人民来制止内战。

In the days to come, we shall continue, with the utmost effort and greatest patience, to lead the people in preventing civil war.

但是，必须清醒地看到，内战危险是十分严重的，因为蒋介石的方针已经定了。

Nevertheless, it is necessary to be soberly aware that the danger of civil war is extremely serious because Chiang Kai-shek's policy is already set.

按照蒋介石的方针，是要打内战的。

Chiang Kai-shek's policy is civil war.

按照我们的方针，人民的方针，是不要打内战的。

Our policy, the policy of the people, is against civil war.

不要打内战的只是中国共产党和中国人民，可惜不包括蒋介石和国民党。

The opponents of civil war consist only of the Chinese Communist Party and the Chinese people -- it is a pity that they do not include Chiang Kai-shek and the Kuomintang.

一个不要打，一个要打。

Here one side does not want to fight and the other does.

如果两方面都不要打，就打不起来。

If both did not want it, there would be no fighting.

现在不要打的只是一个方面，并且这一方面的力量又还不足以制止那一方面，所以内战危险就十分严重。

Now, since only one side is against it and this side is not yet strong enough to check the other, the danger of civil war is extremely grave.

蒋介石要坚持独裁和内战的反动方针，我党曾经及时地指明了这一点。

Our Party pointed out in good time that Chiang Kai-shek would stick to his reactionary policy of dictatorship and civil war.

在党的七次代表大会以前、七次代表大会中间和七次代表大会以后，我们曾经进行了相当充分的工作，唤起人民对于内战危险的注意，使全国人民、我们的党员和军队，早有精神准备。

Before, during and after the Seventh Party Congress, [9] we did fairly adequate work to call the people's attention to the danger of civil war, so that the whole people, our Party members and our troops should be mentally prepared well in advance.

这一点很重要，有这一点和没有这一点是大不相同的。

This is a very important point, and it makes a world of difference whether or not there is such preparedness.

一九二七年的时候，我党还是幼年的党，对于蒋介石的反革命的突然袭击毫无精神准备，

In 1927 our Party was still in its infancy and was mentally wholly unprepared for Chiang Kai-shek's counter-revolutionary surprise attack.

以致人民已经取得的胜利果实跟着就失掉了，人民遭受了长期的灾难，光明的中国变成了黑暗的中国。

Consequently the fruits of victory won by the people were soon lost, the people had to undergo long suffering, and a bright China was plunged into darkness.

这一次不同了，我党已经有了三次革命的丰富经验，党的政治成熟程度已经大大提高了。

This time things are different, our Party has acquired the rich experience of three revolutions [10] and a much higher degree of political maturity.

党中央再三再四地讲明内战危险，使全国人民、全党同志和党所领导的军队，都处于有准备的状态中。

Time and again, the Central Committee of the Party has clearly explained the danger of civil war, and so the whole people, all Party members and the troops led by our Party are in a state of preparedness.

蒋介石对于人民是寸权必夺，寸利必得。

Chiang Kai-shek always tries to wrest every ounce of power and every ounce of gain from the people.

我们呢？

And we?

我们的方针是针锋相对，寸土必争。

Our policy is to give him tit for tat and to fight for every inch of land.

我们是按照蒋介石的办法办事。

We act after his fashion.

蒋介石总是要强迫人民接受战争，他左手拿着刀，右手也拿着刀。

He always tries to impose war on the people, one sword in his left hand and another in his right.

我们就按照他的办法，也拿起刀来。

We take up swords, too, following his example.

这是经过调查研究以后才找到的办法。

We found this method only after investigation and study.

这个调查研究很重要。

Such investigation and study are very important.

看到人家手里拿着东西了，我们就要调查一下。

When we see the other fellow holding something in his hands, we should do some investigating.

他手里拿的是什么？

What does he hold in his hands?

是刀。

Swords.

刀有什么用处？

What are swords for?

可以杀人。

For killing.

他要拿刀杀谁？

Whom does he want to kill with his swords?

要杀人民。

The people.

调查了这几件事，再调查一下：中国人民也有手，也可以拿刀，没有刀可以打一把。

Having made these findings, investigate further -- the Chinese people, too, have hands and can take up swords, they can forge a sword if there is none handy.

中国人民经过长期的调查研究，发现了这个真理。

The Chinese people have discovered this truth after long investigation and study.

军阀、地主、土豪劣绅、帝国主义，手里都拿着刀，要杀人。

Warlords, landlords, local bullies and bad gentry and the imperialists all have swords in their hands and are out to kill.

人民懂得了，就照样办理。

The people have come to understand this and so act after the same fashion.

我们有些人，对于这个调查研究常不注意。

Some of us often neglect such investigation and study.

例如陈独秀[5]，他就不知道拿着刀可以杀人。

Chen Tu-hsiu, [11] for example, did not understand that with swords one can kill people.

有人说，这是普遍的日常真理，共产党的领导人还会不知道？

Some say, this is a plain everyday truth; how can a leader of the Communist Party fail to know it?

这很难说。

But you never can tell.

他没有调查研究就不懂得这件事，所以我们给他起个名字，叫做机会主义者。

Chen Tu-hsiu made no investigation and study and so did not understand this, hence we called him an opportunist.

没有调查研究就没有发言权，我们取消了他的发言权。

He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak, and accordingly we deprived Chen Tu-hsiu of that right.

我们采取了和陈独秀不同的办法，使被压迫、被屠杀的人民拿起刀来，

We have adopted a course different from Chen Tu-hsiu's and enabled the people suffering from oppression and slaughter to take up swords.

谁如果再要杀我们，我们就照样办理。

If ever again anybody wants to kill us, we will act after his fashion.

不久以前，国民党调了六个师来打我们关中分区，有三个师打进来了，占领了宽一百里、长二十里的地方。

Not long ago, the Kuomintang sent six divisions to attack our Kuanchung sub-region, and three of them drove in and seized an area measuring 20 by 100 li.

我们也照他的办法，把在这宽一百里、长二十里地面上的国民党军队，干净、彻底、全部消灭之[6]。

We acted after their fashion and wholly, thoroughly and completely wiped out the Kuomintang troops in this area of 20 by 100 li.[12]

我们是针锋相对，寸土必争，绝不让国民党轻轻易易地占我们的地方，杀我们的人。

Our policy is to give tit for tat and fight for every inch of land; we will never let the Kuomintang easily seize our land and kill our people.

当然，寸土必争，并不是说要像过去“左”倾路线那样“不放弃根据地的一寸土地”。

Of course, to fight for every inch of land does not mean following the old "Left" line of "not abandoning a single inch of land in the base area".[13]

这一回我们就放弃了宽一百里、长二十里的地方。

This time we abandoned an area of 20 by 100 li.

七月底放弃，八月初收回。

Abandoned late in July, it was retaken early in August.

在皖南事变以后，有一次，国民党的联络参谋问我们的动向如何。

After the Southern Anhwei Incident of 1941, [14] the Kuomintang liaison staff officer once asked me what we intended to do.

我说，你天天在延安还不清楚？

I answered, "You are here in Yenan all the time and you don't know?

“何反我亦反，何停我亦停”[7]。

If Ho goes for us, we'll go for him. If Ho stops, we'll stop too."[15]

那时候还没有提出蒋介石的名字，只提何应钦。

At that time Chiang Kai-shek was not named, only Ho Ying-chin.

现在是：“蒋反我亦反，蒋停我亦停。”

Today we say, "If Chiang goes for us, we'll go for him. If Chiang stops, we'll stop too."

照他的办法办理。

We will act after his fashion.

现在蒋介石已经在磨刀了，因此，我们也要磨刀。

As Chiang Kai-shek is now sharpening his swords, we must sharpen ours too.

人民得到的权利，绝不允许轻易丧失，必须用战斗来保卫。

The rights the people have won must never be lightly given up but must be defended by fighting.

我们是不要内战的。

We don't want civil war.

如果蒋介石一定要强迫中国人民接受内战，为了自卫，为了保卫解放区人民的生命、财产、权利和幸福，我们就只好拿起武器和他作战。

However, if Chiang Kai-shek insists on forcing civil war on the Chinese people, the only thing we can do is to take up arms and fight him in self-defence to protect the lives and property, the rights and well-being of the people of the Liberated Areas.

这个内战是他强迫我们打的。

This will be a civil war he forces on us.

如果我们打不赢，不怪天也不怪地，只怪自己没有打赢。

If we do not win, we will blame neither heaven nor earth but only ourselves.

但是谁要想轻轻易易地把人民已经得到的权利抢去或者骗去，那是办不到的。

However, let no one think that the people can be easily robbed or defrauded of the rights they have won; that is impossible.

去年有个美国记者问我：“你们办事，是谁给的权力？”

Last year an American correspondent asked me, "Who has given you the power to act?"

我说：“人民给的。”

I replied, "The people."

如果不是人民给的，还有谁给呢？

Who else indeed, if not the people?

当权的国民党没有给。

The ruling Kuomintang hasn't given us any power.

国民党是不承认我们的。

It doesn't recognize us.

我们参加国民参政会，按照参政会条例的规定，是以“文化团体”的资格[8]。

We take part in the People's Political Council in the capacity of a "cultural organization" [16] as stipulated by its rules.

我们说，我们不是“文化团体”，我们有军队，是“武化团体”。

But we are not a "cultural organization", we say, we have an army and are a "military organization".

今年三月一日蒋介石说过：共产党交出军队，才有合法地位。

On March 1 this year Chiang Kai-shek stated that the Communist Party would have to turn over its army before it could acquire legal status.

蒋介石的这句话，现在还适用。

Chiang Kai-shek's statement still stands.

我们没有交出军队，所以没有合法地位，我们是“无法无天”。

We have not turned over our army, and so we have no legal status and are "defying laws human and divine".

我们的责任，是向人民负责。

Our duty is to hold ourselves responsible to the people.

每句话，每个行动，每项政策，都要适合人民的利益，如果有了错误，定要改正，这就叫向人民负责。

Every word, every act and every policy must conform to the people's interests, and if mistakes occur, they must be corrected -- that is what being responsible to the people means.

同志们，人民要解放，就把权力委托给能够代表他们的、能够忠实为他们办事的人，这就是我们共产党人。

Comrades! The people want liberation and therefore entrust power to those who can represent them and work faithfully for them, that is, to us Communists.

我们当了人民的代表，必须代表得好，不要像陈独秀。

As representatives of the people, we must represent them well and not act like Chen Tu-hsiu.

陈独秀对于反革命向人民的进攻，不是采取针锋相对、寸土必争的方针，结果在一九二七年的几个月内，把人民已经取得的权利统统丧失干净。

Confronted by counter-revolutionary attacks against the people, Chen Tu-hsiu did not adopt the policy of giving tit for tat and fighting for every inch of land; as a result, in 1927, within the space of a few months, he forfeited all the rights the people had won.

这一次我们就要注意。

This time we must be on our guard.

我们和陈独秀的方针绝不相同，任何骗人的东西都骗不了我们。

Our policy is absolutely different from Chen Tu-hsiu's; no trickery can fool us.

我们要有清醒的头脑和正确的方针，要不犯错误。

We must be clearheaded and have a correct policy; we must not make mistakes.

抗战胜利的果实应该属谁？

To whom should the fruits of victory in the War of Resistance belong?

这是很明白的。

It is very obvious.

比如一棵桃树，

Take a peach tree for example.

树上结了桃子，这桃子就是胜利果实。

When the tree yields peaches they are the fruits of victory.

桃子该由谁摘？

Who is entitled to pick the peaches?

这要问桃树是谁栽的，谁挑水浇的。

Ask who planted and watered the tree.

蒋介石蹲在山上一担水也不挑，现在他却把手伸得老长老长地要摘桃子。

Chiang Kai-shek squatting on the mountain did not carry a single bucket of water, and yet he is now stretching out his arm from afar to pick the peaches.

他说，此桃子的所有权属于我蒋介石，我是地主，你们是农奴，我不准你们摘。

"I, Chiang Kai-shek, own these peaches," he says, "I am the landlord, you are my serfs and I won't allow you to pick any."

我们在报上驳了他[9]。

We have refuted him in the press.

我们说，你没有挑过水，所以没有摘桃子的权利。

[17] We say, "You never carried any water, so you have no right to pick the peaches.

我们解放区的人民天天浇水，最有权利摘的应该是我们。

We the people of the Liberated Areas watered the tree day in day out and have the most right to gather the fruit."

同志们，抗战胜利是人民流血牺牲得来的，抗战的胜利应当是人民的胜利，抗战的果实应当归给人民。

Comrades! The victory of the War of Resistance has been won by the people with bloodshed and sacrifice, it should be the victory of the people and it is to the people that the fruits of the War of Resistance should go.

至于蒋介石呢，他消极抗战，积极反共，

As for Chiang Kai-shek, he was passive in resisting Japan but active in anti-communism.

是人民抗战的绊脚石。

He was a stumbling-block in the people's War of Resistance.

现在这块绊脚石却要出来垄断胜利果实，要使抗战胜利后的中国仍然回到抗战前的老样子，不许有丝毫的改变。

Now this stumbling-block is coming forward to monopolize the fruits of victory, wants China after victory to relapse into her old pre-war state and does not tolerate the slightest change.

这样就发生了斗争。

This gives rise to struggle.

同志们，这是一场很严重的斗争。

Comrades! It is a most serious struggle.

抗战胜利的果实应该属于人民，这是一个问题；但是，胜利果实究竟落到谁手，能不能归于人民，这是另一个问题。

That the fruits of victory of the War of Resistance should go to the people is one thing, but who will eventually get them and whether it will be the people is another.

不要以为胜利的果实都靠得住落在人民的手里。

Don't be too sure that all the fruits of victory will fall into the hands of the people.

一批大桃子，例如上海、南京、杭州等大城市，那是要被蒋介石抢去的。

Chiang Kai-shek will grab a lot of big peaches, such as Shanghai, Nanking, Hangchow and other big cities.

蒋介石勾结着美国帝国主义，在那些地方他们的力量占优势，革命的人民还基本上只能占领乡村。

He has ganged up with U.S. imperialism and in those places they have the upper hand, while so far the revolutionary people can by and large occupy only the rural areas.

另一批桃子是双方要争夺的。

Another bunch of peaches will be contested by both sides.

太原以北的同蒲，平绥中段，北宁，郑州以北的平汉，正太，白晋[10]，德石，津浦，胶济，郑州以东的陇海，

These are the medium and small towns situated along the section of the Tatung-Puchow Railway north of Taiyuan, the middle section of the Peiping-Suiyuan Railway, the Peiping-Liaoning Railway, the section of the Peiping-Hankow Railway north of Chengchow, the Chengting-Taiyuan Railway, the Paikuei-Chincheng Railway, [18] the Tehchow-Shihchiachuang Railway, the Tientsin-Pukow Railway, the Tsingtao-Tsinan Railway and the section of the Lunghai Railway east of Chengchow.

这些地方的中小城市是必争的，

These medium and small towns must be contested;

这一批中小桃子都是解放区人民流血流汗灌溉起来的。

they are the medium and small peaches watered by the people of the Liberated Areas with their sweat and blood.

究竟这些地方能不能落到人民的手里，现在还不能说。

It is difficult to say now whether these places will fall into the people's hands.

现在只能讲两个字：力争。

Only two words can be said now: struggle hard.

靠得住落在人民手里的有没有呢？

Are there places which are sure to fall into the hands of the people?

有的，

Yes, there are.

河北、察哈尔、热河[11]、山西的大部、山东、江苏的北部，这些地方的大块乡村和大批城市，乡村和乡村打成一片，上百的城市一块，七八十个城市一块，四五十个城市一块，大小三、四、五、六块。

They are the vast rural areas and the numerous towns in the provinces of Hopei, Chahar and Jehol, [19] most of Shansi, Shantung and the northern part of Kiangsu, with villages linked together and with about a hundred towns in one area, seventy to eighty in another, forty to fifty in a third -- altogether three, four, five or six such areas, big and small.

什么城市？

What sort of towns?

中等城市和小城市。

Medium and small towns.

这是靠得住的，我们的力量能够取得这批胜利果实。

We are sure of them, we have the strength to pick these fruits of victory.

得到了这批果实，在中国革命的历史上还是头一次。

In the history of the Chinese revolution this will be the first time that we have got such a bunch of fruit.

历史上，我们只在一九三一年下半年打破了敌人的第三次“围剿”以后，江西中央区联合起来有过二十一个县城[12]，但是还没有中等城市。

Historically, it was only after we smashed the enemy's third "encirclement and suppression" campaign [20] in the latter half of 1931 that we had altogether as many as twenty-one county towns [21] in the Central Base Area in Kiangsi Province, but there was not a single medium-sized town among them.

二十一个小城市联在一起，最多的时候有过二百五十万人口。

With twenty-one small towns linked together, the total population at its height reached 2,500,000.

依靠着这些，中国人民就能奋斗那样久的时间，取得那样大的胜利，粉碎那样大的“围剿”。

Relying on this base, the Chinese people were able to continue the struggle for such a long time, win such big victories and smash such big "encirclement and suppression" campaigns.

后来我们打输了，这不能怪蒋介石，要怪我们自己没有打好。

Later we were defeated, for which we should blame, not Chiang Kai-shek, but ourselves for not fighting well enough.

如果这一次，大小城市几十个联成一块，有了三四五六块的话，中国人民就有了三四五六个大于江西中央区的革命根据地，中国革命的形势就很可观了。

This time, if scores of big and small towns are linked in a single contiguous area and if there are three, four, five or six such areas, then the Chinese people will have three, four, five or six revolutionary bases, each larger than the Central Base Area in Kiangsi Province, and the situation for the Chinese revolution will be very promising indeed.

从整个形势看来，抗日战争的阶段过去了，新的情况和任务是国内斗争。

If one looks at the situation as a whole, the stage of the War of Resistance Against Japan is over and the new situation and task is domestic struggle.

蒋介石说要“建国”，

Chiang Kai-shek talks about "building the country".

今后就是建什么国的斗争。

From now on the struggle will be, build what sort of country?

是建立一个无产阶级领导的人民大众的新民主主义的国家呢，

To build a new-democratic country of the broad masses of the people under the leadership of the proletariat?

还是建立一个大地主大资产阶级专政的半殖民地半封建的国家？

Or to build a semi-colonial and semi-feudal country under the dictatorship of the big landlords and the big bourgeoisie?

这将是一场很复杂的斗争。

This will be a most complicated struggle.

目前这个斗争表现为蒋介石要篡夺抗战胜利果实和我们反对他的篡夺的斗争。

At present it takes the form of a struggle between Chiang Kai-shek who is trying to usurp the fruits of victory of the War of Resistance and ourselves who oppose his usurpation.

这个时期如果有机会主义的话，那就是不力争，自愿地把人民应得的果实送给蒋介石。

If there is any opportunism during this period, it will lie in failing to struggle hard and in making a voluntary gift to Chiang Kai-shek of the fruits which should go to the people.

公开的全面的内战会不会爆发？

Will an open and total civil war break out?

这决定于国内的因素和国际的因素。

That depends on internal and international factors.

国内的因素主要是我们的力量和觉悟程度。

The internal factors consist chiefly of our strength and the degree of our political consciousness.

会不会因为国际国内的大势所趋和人心所向，经过我们的奋斗，使内战限制在局部的范围，或者使全面内战拖延时间爆发呢？

Given the general trend of the international and internal situation and the feelings of the people, is it possible, through our own struggles, to localize the civil war or delay the outbreak of a country-wide civil war?

这种可能性是有的。

There is this possibility.

蒋介石要放手发动内战也有许多困难。

Chiang Kai-shek will face many difficulties if he tries to let loose a civil war.

第一，解放区有一万万人民、一百万军队、二百多万民兵。

First, in the Liberated Areas there are a hundred million people, a million troops and over two million people's militia.

第二，国民党统治地区的觉悟的人民是反对内战的，这对蒋介石是一种牵制。

Second, the politically conscious people in the Kuomintang areas are against civil war, and this is some kind of check on Chiang Kai-shek.

第三，国民党内部也有一部分人不赞成内战。

Third, inside the Kuomintang also there is a section which is not in favour of civil war.

目前的形势和一九二七年的时候是大不相同了。

The situation today is vastly different from that in 1927.

特别是我党目前的情况和一九二七年时候的情况大不相同。

In particular, the condition of our Party today is vastly different from what it was in 1927.

那时候的党是幼年的党，没有清醒的头脑，没有武装斗争的经验，没有针锋相对的方针。

In those days our Party was still in its infancy and did not have a clear head or experience in armed struggle or the policy of giving tit for tat.

现在党的觉悟程度已经大大地提高了。

Today the level of political consciousness in our Party is very much higher.

除了我们的觉悟，无产阶级先锋队的觉悟问题以外，还有一个人民群众的觉悟问题。

Apart from our own political consciousness, the political consciousness of the vanguard of the proletariat, there is the question of the political consciousness of the masses of the people.

当着人民还不觉悟的时候，把革命果实送给人家是完全可能的。

When the people are not yet politically conscious, it is entirely possible that their revolutionary gains may be handed over to others.

这种事在历史上曾经有过。

This happened in the past.

今天中国人民的觉悟程度也已经是大大地提高了。

Today the level of political consciousness of the Chinese people is likewise very much higher.

我党在人民中的威信从来没有过现在这样高。

The prestige of our Party among the people has never been so great.

但是，在人民中间，主要是在日本占领区和国民党统治区的人民中间，还有相当多的人相信蒋介石，存在着对于国民党和美国的幻想，蒋介石也在努力散布这种幻想。

Nevertheless, among the people, and chiefly among those living in the Japanese-occupied and Kuomintang areas, there are still a good many who believe in Chiang Kai-shek and have illusions about the Kuomintang and the United States of America, illusions which Chiang Kai-shek is working hard to spread.

中国人民中有这样一部分人还不觉悟，就是说明我们的宣传工作和组织工作还做得很不够。

The fact that a section of the Chinese people is not yet politically conscious shows that much remains to be done in our propaganda and organizational work.

人民的觉悟不是容易的，

The political awakening of the people is not easy.

要去掉人民脑子中的错误思想，需要我们做很多切切实实的工作。

It requires much earnest effort on our part to rid their minds of wrong ideas.

对于中国人民脑子中的落后的东西，我们要去扫除，就像用扫帚打扫房子一样。

We should sweep backward ideas from the minds of the Chinese people, just as we sweep our rooms.

从来没有不经过打扫而自动去掉的灰尘。

Dust never vanishes of itself without sweeping.

我们要在人民群众中间，广泛地进行宣传教育工作，使人民认识到中国的真实情况和动向，对于自己的力量具备信心。

We must carry on extensive propaganda and education among the masses, so they will understand the real situation and trend in China and have confidence in their own strength.

人民靠我们去组织。

It is up to us to organize the people.

中国的反动分子，靠我们组织起人民去把他打倒。

As for the reactionaries in China, it is up to us to organize the people to overthrow them.

凡是反动的东西，你不打，他就不倒。

Everything reactionary is the same; if you don't hit it, it won't fall.

这也和扫地一样，扫帚不到，灰尘照例不会自己跑掉。

It is like sweeping the floor; where the broom does not reach, the dust never vanishes of itself.

陕甘宁边区南面有条介子河。

There is a river called the Chieh-tse, south of the Shensi-Kansu-Ningsia Border Region.

介子河南是洛川，河北是富县。

South of the river is Lochuan County and north of it, Fuhsien County.

河南河北两个世界。

North and south of the river are two different worlds.

河南是国民党的，因为我们没有去，人民没有组织起来，龌龊的东西多得很。

The south is under the Kuomintang; since we have not reached there, the people are unorganized, and there is much filth and rottenness.

我们有些同志就是相信政治影响，以为靠着影响就可以解决问题。

Some of our comrades put their faith only in political influence, fancying that problems can be solved merely by influence.

那是迷信。

That is blind faith.

一九三六年，我们住在保安[13]。

In 1936, we were in Pao-an. [22]

离保安四五十里的地方有个地主豪绅的土围子。

Forty to fifty li away, there was a fortified village held by a landlord despot.

那时候党中央的所在地就在保安，政治影响可谓大矣，可是那个土围子里的反革命就是死不投降。

The Central Committee of the Party was then in Pao-an and our political influence could be considered very great indeed, but the counter-revolutionaries in this village obstinately refused to surrender.

我们在南面扫、北面扫，都不行，

We swept to the south, we swept to the north, all in vain.

后来把扫帚搞到里面去扫，他才说：“啊哟！我不干了。”

Not until our broom swept right into the village did the landlord cry out, "Ow, I give up!"

[14]世界上的事情，都是这样。

[23] That is how things are in this world.

钟不敲是不响的。

Bells don't ring till you strike them.

桌子不搬是不走的。

Tables don't move till you shift them.

苏联红军不进入东北，日本就不投降。

Japan would not surrender until after the Red Army of the Soviet Union entered northeastern China.

我们的军队不去打，敌伪就不缴枪。

The enemy and puppet troops never handed over their arms until our troops fought them.

扫帚到了，政治影响才能充分发生效力。

Only where the broom reaches can political influence produce its full effect.

我们的扫帚就是共产党、八路军和新四军。

Our broom is the Communist Party, the Eighth Route Army and the New Fourth Army.

手里拿着扫帚就要研究扫的办法，不要躺在床上，以为会来一阵什么大风，把灰尘统统刮掉。

Broom in hand, you must learn to sweep; don't lie in bed, fancying that a gust of wind will somehow rise and blow all the dust away.

我们马克思主义者是革命的现实主义者，绝不作空想。

We Marxists are revolutionary realists and never indulge in idle dreams.

中国有句古话说：“黎明即起，洒扫庭除。”

There is an old saying in China, "Rise at dawn and sweep the courtyard."

[15]黎明者，天刚亮也。

[24] Dawn is the breaking of a new day.

古人告诉我们，在天刚亮的时候，就要起来打扫。

Our forefathers told us to rise and start sweeping at the very break of day.

这是告诉了我们一项任务。

They were setting us a task.

只有这样想，这样做，才有益处，也才有工作做。

Only by thinking and acting in this way will we benefit and find work to do.

中国的地面很大，要靠我们一寸一寸地去扫。

China has a vast territory, and it is up to us to sweep it clean inch by inch.

我们的方针要放在什么基点上？

On what basis should our policy rest?

放在自己力量的基点上，叫做自力更生。

It should rest on our own strength, and that means regeneration through one's own efforts.

我们并不孤立，全世界一切反对帝国主义的国家和人民都是我们的朋友。

We are not alone; all the countries and people in the world opposed to imperialism are our friends.

但是我们强调自力更生，

Nevertheless, we stress regeneration through our own efforts.

我们能够依靠自己组织的力量，打败一切中外反动派。

Relying on the forces we ourselves organize, we can defeat all Chinese and foreign reactionaries.

蒋介石同我们相反，他完全是依靠美国帝国主义的帮助，把美国帝国主义作为靠山。

Chiang Kai-shek, on the contrary, relies entirely on the aid of U.S. imperialism, which he looks upon as his mainstay.

独裁、内战和卖国三位一体，这一贯是蒋介石方针的基本点。

The trinity of dictatorship, civil war and selling out the country has always been the basis of his policy.

美国帝国主义要帮助蒋介石打内战，要把中国变成美国的附庸，它的这个方针也是老早定了的。

U.S. imperialism wants to help Chiang Kai-shek wage civil war and turn China into a U.S. dependency, and this policy, too, was set long ago.

但是，美国帝国主义是外强中干的。

But U.S. imperialism while outwardly strong is inwardly weak.

我们要有清醒的头脑，这里包括不相信帝国主义的“好话”和不害怕帝国主义的恐吓。

We must be clear-headed, that is, we must not believe the "nice words" of the imperialists nor be intimidated by their bluster.

曾经有个美国人向我说：“你们要听一听赫尔利的话，派几个人到国民党政府里去做官。”

An American once said to me, "You should listen to Hurley and send a few men to be officials in the Kuomintang government."[25]

[16]我说：“捆住手脚的官不好做，我们不做。

I replied: "It is no easy job to be an official bound hand and foot; we won't do it.

要做，就得放开手放开脚，自由自在地做，这就是在民主的基础上成立联合政府。”

If we become officials, our hands and feet must be unfettered, we must be free to act, that is, a coalition government must be set up on a democratic basis."

他说：“不做不好。”

He said, "It will be bad if you don't."

我问：“为什么不好？”

I asked him, "Why bad?"

他说：“第一，美国人会骂你们；第二，美国人要给蒋介石撑腰。”

He said, "First, the Americans will curse you; secondly, the Americans will back Chiang Kai-shek."

我说：“你们吃饱了面包，睡足了觉，要骂人，要撑蒋介石的腰，这是你们美国人的事，我不干涉。

I replied: "If you Americans, sated with bread and sleep, want to curse people and back Chiang Kai-shek, that's your business and I won't interfere.

现在我们有的是小米加步枪，你们有的是面包加大炮。

What we have now is millet plus rifles, what you have is bread plus cannon.

你们爱撑蒋介石的腰就撑，愿撑多久就撑多久。

If you like to back Chiang Kai-shek, back him, back him as long as you want.

不过要记住一条，

But remember one thing.

中国是什么人的中国？

To whom does China belong?

中国绝不是蒋介石的，中国是中国人民的。

China definitely does not belong to Chiang Kai-shek, China belongs to the Chinese people.

总有一天你们会撑不下去！”

The day will surely come when you will find it impossible to back him any longer."

同志们，这个美国人的话是吓人的。

Comrades! This American was trying to scare people.

帝国主义者就会吓人的那一套，殖民地有许多人也就是怕吓。

Imperialists are masters at this sort of stuff, and many people in the colonial countries do get scared.

他们以为所有殖民地的人都怕吓，但是不知道中国有这么一些人是不怕那一套的。

The imperialists think that all people in the colonial countries can be scared, but they do not realize that in China there are people who are not afraid of that sort of stuff.

我们过去对于美国的扶蒋反共政策作了公开的批评和揭露，这是必要的，今后还要继续揭穿它。

In the past we have openly criticized and exposed the U.S. policy of aiding Chiang Kai-shek to fight the Communists; it was necessary, and we shall continue to do so.

苏联出兵了，红军来援助中国人民驱逐侵略者，这是中国历史上从来没有过的事。

The Soviet Union has sent its troops, the Red Army has come to help the Chinese people drive out the aggressor; such an event has never happened before in Chinese history.

这件事情所发生的影响，是不可估计的。

Its influence is immeasurable.

美国和蒋介石的宣传机关，想拿两颗原子弹把红军的政治影响扫掉。

The propaganda organs of the United States and Chiang Kai-shek hoped to sweep away the Red Army's political influence with two atom bombs.[26]

但是扫不掉，没有那样容易。

But it can't be swept away; that isn't so easy.

原子弹能不能解决战争？

Can atom bombs decide wars?

不能。

No, they can't.

原子弹不能使日本投降。

Atom bombs could not make Japan surrender.

只有原子弹而没有人民的斗争，原子弹是空的。

Without the struggles waged by the people, atom bombs by themselves would be of no avail.

假如原子弹能够解决战争，为什么还要请苏联出兵？

If atom bombs could decide the war, then why was it necessary to ask the Soviet Union to send its troops?

为什么投了两颗原子弹日本还不投降，而苏联一出兵日本就投降了呢？

Why didn't Japan surrender when the two atom bombs were dropped on her and why did she surrender as soon as the Soviet Union sent troops?

我们有些同志也相信原子弹了不起，这是很错误的。

Some of our comrades, too, believe that the atom bomb is all-powerful; that is a big mistake.

这些同志看问题，还不如一个英国贵族。

These comrades show even less judgement than a British peer.

英国有个勋爵，叫蒙巴顿。

There is a certain British peer called Lord Mountbatten.

他说，认为原子弹能解决战争是最大的错误[17]。

He said the worst possible mistake is to think that the atom bomb can decide the war.[27]

我们这些同志比蒙巴顿还落后。

These comrades are more backward than Mountbatten.

这些同志把原子弹看得神乎其神，是受了什么影响呢？

What influence has made these comrades look upon the atom bomb as something miraculous?

是资产阶级的影响。

Bourgeois influence.

这种影响是从哪里来的呢？

Where does it come from?

是从资产阶级的学校教育中来的，是从资产阶级的报纸、通讯社来的。

From their education in bourgeois schools, from the bourgeois press and news agencies.

有两种世界观、方法论：无产阶级的世界观、方法论和资产阶级的世界观、方法论。

There are two world outlooks and two methodologies, the proletarian world outlook and methodology and the bourgeois world outlook and methodology.

这些同志把资产阶级的世界观、方法论，经常拿在手里；无产阶级的世界观、方法论，却经常丢在脑后。

These comrades often cling to the bourgeois world outlook and methodology and often forget the proletarian world outlook and methodology.

我们队伍中的唯武器论，单纯军事观点，官僚主义、脱离群众的作风，个人主义思想，等等，都是资产阶级的影响。

The theory that "weapons decide everything", the purely military viewpoint, a bureaucratic style of work divorced from the masses, individualist thinking, and the like -- all these are bourgeois influences in our ranks.

对于我们队伍中的这些资产阶级的东西，也要像打扫灰尘一样，常常扫除。

We must constantly sweep these bourgeois things out of our ranks just as we sweep out dust.

苏联的参战，决定了日本的投降，中国的时局发展到了一个新的时期。

The entry of the Soviet Union into the war has decided Japan's surrender and the situation in China is entering a new period.

新时期和抗日战争时期之间有一个过渡阶段。

Between the War of Resistance and the new period there is a transitional stage.

过渡阶段的斗争，就是反对蒋介石篡夺抗战胜利果实的斗争。

The struggle during this transitional stage is to oppose Chiang Kai-shek's usurpation of the fruits of victory in the War of Resistance.

蒋介石要发动全国规模的内战，他的方针已经定了，我们对此要有准备。

Chiang Kai-shek wants to launch a country-wide civil war and his policy is set; we must be prepared for this.

全国性的内战不论哪一天爆发，我们都要准备好。

No matter when this country-wide civil war breaks out, we must be well prepared.

早一点，明天早上就打吧，我们也在准备着。

If it comes early, say, tomorrow morning, we should also be prepared.

这是第一条。

That is point one.

现在的国际国内形势，有可能把内战暂时限制在局部范围，内战可能暂时是若干地方性的战争。

In the present international and domestic situation it is possible that for a time the civil war may be kept restricted in scale and localized.

这是第二条。

That is point two.

第一条我们准备着，第二条是早已如此。

Point one is what we should prepare for, point two is what has existed for a long time.

总而言之，我们要有准备。

In short, we must be prepared.

有了准备，就能恰当地应付各种复杂的局面。

Being prepared, we shall be able to deal properly with all kinds of complicated situations.

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