每周分子 | Molecule of the Week

Original ACS 美国化学会 ACS美国化学会 2022-07-01

收录于合集 #每周分子 110个

点击上方， 订阅话题 ，不错过每周分子！

每周分子：氯甲烷

Molecule of the Week: Chloromethane

氯甲烷，常被称为甲基氯，是一种无色的有毒气体。自19世纪初就已为人所知。

1835 年，法国巴黎综合理工学校的著名化学家Jean-Baptiste Dumas和Institut National Agronomique(巴黎)的Eugène Péligot合作设计了氯甲烷的首次合成。在硫酸存在时，加热甲醇和氯化钠制备氯甲烷气体。他们的合成是现代生产氯甲烷的先驱，即使用氯化氢替代NaCl和 H₂SO₄来制备氯甲烷。

氯甲烷在自然界中较少发现。在自然界中，氯甲烷通常通过氯甲烷转移酶生成，氯甲烷转移酶为一种存在于木材腐烂真菌和盐沼植物中的酶。截至2020年，氯甲烷是唯一在太空中被智利的阿塔卡马大型毫米/亚毫米阵列望远镜和罗塞塔航天器探测到的有机氯化物。

氯甲烷曾被广泛用作制冷剂，但它早已被毒性较小且对地球大气臭氧层危害较小的物质所取代。目前，氯甲烷在工业上被用作化学生产中的试剂、油和树脂的萃取剂、泡沫生产中的推进剂以及橡胶制造和石油精炼中的溶剂。

氯甲烷信息速览

CAS 登记号	74-87-3
SciFinder命名	Methane, chloro-
分子式	CH₃Cl
摩尔质量	50.49 g/mol
外观	无色气体
沸点	–24 ºC
水溶性	5.3 g/L

氯甲烷危害信息

GHS*分类：易燃气体，类别1
H220-极易燃气体
GHS分类：加压气体(液化气)，类别3
H280-含有加压气体；加热会爆炸
GHS分类：致癌性，类别2
H351-疑似致癌
GHS分类：生殖毒性，类别2
H361-疑似损害生育能力或胎儿
GHS分类：特定目标器官(中枢神经系统、肝脏和/或泌尿生殖道)毒性，反复接触，吸入，类别1
H373-长期或反复吸入会引起器官损害

【关于每周分子】

自2001年以来，“每周分子”已成为广受欢迎的栏目。多数分子由读者推荐。每个结构都经由科学家审查，并以3-D和平面图像的形式显示，同时附有该分子简介。可以通过美国化学文摘社 (CAS) 提供的SciFinder中的CAS REGISTRY获取“每周分子”的更多信息。CAS REGISTRY中的每条物质信息都展示了物质的CAS登记号、索引名、通用名、商品名、书目信息等其他更多信息。发送邮件至motw@acs.org推荐您感兴趣的分子吧。

Chloromethane, frequently called methyl chloride, is a colorless, toxic gas. It has been known since the early 19th century.

In 1835, prominent French chemists Jean-Baptiste Dumasof the École Polytechnique and Eugène Péligot of the Institut National Agronomique (both in Paris) teamed up to devise the first synthesis ofchloromethane. They heated methanol and sodium chloride in the presence ofsulfuric acid to produce the gas. Their synthesis was the forerunner of theprimary modern manufacturing method, which uses hydrogen chloride in place ofNaCl and H₂SO₄.

Chloromethane is found sparsely in nature. It is usually produced by the enzyme methyl chloride tranferase, which is present in wood-rotting fungi and salt marsh plants. As of 2020, chloromethane was the only organochlorine compound to have been detected in space, by both the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array telescope in Chile and the Rosetta spacecraft.

Chloromethane was once widely used as a refrigerant, but it has long since been replaced by substances that are less toxic and less harmful to the ozone layer in Earth’s atmosphere. Currently, it is used in industry as a reagent in chemical production, an extractant for oils and resins, a propellant in foam production, and a solvent in rubber manufacture and petroleum refining.

Chloromethanefast facts

CAS Reg. No.	74-87-3
SciFinder nomenclature	Methane, chloro-
Empirical formula	CH₃Cl
Molar mass	50.49 g/mol
Appearance	Black to gray crystals or powder
Boiling point	-24 ºC
Water solubility	5.3 g/L

Chloromethane hazard information

Flammable gases, category 1
H220-Extremely flammable gas
Gases under pressure (liquefied gas), category 3
H280-Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated
Carcinogenicity, category 2
H351-Suspected of causing cancer
Reproductive toxicity, category 2
H361-Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child
Specific target organ** toxicity, repeated exposure, inhalation, category 2
H373-Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure if inhaled

About Molecule of the Week

MOTW has been a popular feature on ACS website since 2001. Many molecules are suggested by our website visitors. Every structure is reviewed by a scientist and displayed in 3-D and flat images with a brief description. Each week’s molecule also links to a sample record from the CAS REGISTRY, which is searched using SciFinder. Each record displays the registry number, index name and synonyms, bibliographic information, and more. Send us a molecule suggestion at motw@acs.org.

往期回顾：

每周分子Molecule of the Week：三硒化锑

每周分子Molecule of the Week：D-阿洛酮糖

每周分子Molecule of the Week：十二硼酸铯

每周分子Molecule of the Week：松萝酸

每周分子Molecule of the Week：五氯苯酚

每周分子Molecule of the Week：氟化氢

每周分子Molecule of the Week：乙醇胺

每周分子Molecule of the Week：磷化锌

每周分子Molecule of the Week：弗虫腈

每周分子Molecule of the Week：尿胆素

每周分子Molecule of the Week：庙宇烷