为了更好地传播知识，推动期刊国际合作，本刊与 Urban Studies 杂志达成网络合作，不定期推送友刊的精选文章摘要。读者们可以借此了解国际城市研究的新动向，同时学习城市研究领域学术英文的正规表达。欢迎大家批评指正。
The ethical underpinnings of Smart City governance: Decision-making in the Smart Cambridge programme, UK
Richmond Juvenile Ehwi（英国剑桥大学）
Hannah Holmes（英国剑桥大学）
Sabina Maslova（英国剑桥大学）
Gemma Burgess（英国剑桥大学）
首次出版时间：2022/2/1｜研究论文
Abstract: As Smart Cities have become more widespread, so too have concerns about their associated ethical issues. However, ethical debates in the current Smart City literature have tended to focus on issues related to the collection, processing, usage, storage and sharing of data. This paper argues that ethical debates should be extended to capture crucial decisions taken as part of Smart City governance, and the ethical references which underpin them. Using the Smart Cambridge programme as a case study, this paper draws empirical data from interviews with experts and actors involved in the programme, and highlights the ethical nature of decisions taken in key aspects of Smart City governance. The paper reveals that city officials and programme managers demonstrate acute consciousness of legal regulations, which they employ in decision-making, and are less cognisant of governance principles based on norms and values which are also drawn upon. This paper argues that there is nonetheless ethical content which can be traced in decision-making, regardless of whether ethical concerns are explicitly recognised as such.摘要：随着智慧城市变得越来越普遍，对其相关伦理问题的担忧也越来越多。然而，当前智慧城市文献中的伦理争论往往集中在与数据的收集、处理、使用、存储和共享相关的问题上。本文认为，伦理辩论应该加以扩展，以涵盖作为智慧城市治理一部分的关键决策，以及支撑这些决策的伦理参考。本文以智慧剑桥计划（Smart Cambridge）作为案例研究，从与参与该计划的专家和参与者的访谈中提取经验数据，并强调智慧城市治理关键方面决策的伦理性质。本文表明，城市官员和项目计划管理者对他们在决策中使用的法律法规表现出敏锐的意识，但对于基于规范和价值观（同样也被借鉴）的治理原则的意识则不是那么敏锐。本文认为，无论道德问题是否被明确意识到，在决策过程中仍然存在可以追溯的道德内容。Keywords: ethics, governance, Smart Cambridge, Smart Cities
原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980211064983
Light violence at the threshold of acceptability
Casper Laing Ebbensgaard（英国东安格利亚大学）
首次出版时间：2022/2/1｜研究论文
Abstract: This paper shows how residential high-rise developments in London deteriorate the living conditions for existing residents and set a legal precedent for distributing harm unevenly across the population. The paper unpacks the contentious decision-making process in one of several local planning applications in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets that ended in a spur of high-profile public planning inquiries between 2017 and 2019. The Enterprise House inquiry shows how, among other things, a loss of daylight, sunlight and outlook, and an increased sense of enclosure, affect already marginalised residents in neighbouring buildings disproportionately, elevating light to a legal category for assessing harm and addressing social injustice in the vertical city. The paper adopts a forensic approach to interrogate four instances during the public inquiry, in which numerical evidence of material harm resulting from a loss in daylight, sunlight and outlook was made to appear and disappear. The translation of scientific evidence into legal evidence is performed through the act of claiming ‘truthful’ representations of ‘real life experiences’ of light in digital visualisations. By revealing how material harm resulting from vertical development is normalised and thus naturalised in the planning inquiry, the paper demonstrates how ‘light’ violence is exercised in vertical development.摘要：本文展示了伦敦的高层住宅开发如何导致现有居民的生活条件恶化，并为在人口中不均衡地分配伤害树立了法律先例。本文揭示了伦敦塔哈姆雷茨区（London Borough of Tower Hamlets）的一个地方规划申请备受争议的决策过程，这个申请以及其他几个申请最终引发了2017—2019年间备受瞩目的公共规划调查。Enterprise House调查显示，除其他问题外，日光、阳光和视野的丧失以及封闭感的增加如何不成比例地影响邻近建筑物中原已被边缘化的居民，从而将光提升一种为在垂直城市中评估伤害和解决社会不公问题时的法律权利类别。本文采用司法方法研究公开调查期间的四个案例，其中出现了因失去日光、阳光和视野而造成的物质伤害的数字证据，并且此等证据“被消失”。将科学证据转化为法律证据的方法是，通过数字可视化主张对光的“真实生活体验”的“真实”呈现。通过揭示垂直开发造成的物质损害如何在规划调查中正常化并因此自然化，本文展示了垂直开发中光暴力是如何实施的。Keywords: forensic architecture, light, public inquiry, verticality, violence关键词：司法架构, 光, 公共调查, 垂直性, 暴力
原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980211067938
Impacts of political fragmentation on inclusive economic resilience: Examining American metropolitan areas after the Great Recession政治碎片化对包容性经济韧性的影响：考察大萧条后的美国大都市地区Abstract: We propose the concept of inclusive economic resilience to examine intra-regional economic recovery in American metropolitan areas after the Great Recession. Previous studies have treated regional and municipal economic resilience separately, with little attention to within-region variations in economic resilience. We contribute to the understanding of regional economic resilience by focusing on intra-regional economic recovery in cities. We also introduce an important yet overlooked regional factor in the context of American federalism – fragmentation of local governments. Examining US metropolitan areas from 2007 to 2017, we find that different dimensions of local fragmentation exert different impacts on intra-regional economic resilience. Our results indicate that a large number of municipal governments and greater service responsibilities borne by special and school districts lead to uneven economic recovery. In contrast, similar fiscal responsibilities taken by municipal governments promote inclusive income recovery.摘要：我们提出了包容性经济韧性的概念，以研究大萧条后美国大都市地区的区域内经济复苏。以前的研究以区域和城市为单位来看待经济韧性，很少关注区域内经济韧性的差异。我们通过关注城市的区域内经济复苏，为理解区域经济韧性作出了贡献。我们还介绍了美国联邦制背景下一个重要但被忽视的地区因素——地方政府的碎片化。通过研究2007—2017 年间美国的各个大都市地区，我们发现地方碎片化的不同维度对区域内经济韧性产生了不同的影响。我们的研究结果表明，大量的市政政府以及特区和学区承担的更大的服务责任导致了经济复苏的不平衡。相比之下，市政政府承担的类似财政责任促进了包容性收入复苏。Keywords: fragmentation, Great Recession, inclusive economic resilience, metropolitan areas, resilience
关键词：碎片化, 大萧条, 包容性经济韧性, 大都市地区, 韧性
原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980211064455
Fifty years of Business Improvement Districts: A reappraisal of the dominant perspectives and debatesAbstract: Originally created in 1970 by a small group of business people in Toronto’s Bloor West Village, Business Improvement Districts (hereafter BIDs) have become commonplace urban revitalisation strategies in cities across the world. Many critical urban scholars have conceptualised BIDs as neoliberal organisations and have resultantly critiqued their role in contemporary urban governance. With BIDs now existing for over 50 years, the purpose of this paper is to provide an overdue reappraisal of the BID research and orient future scholarship. After describing key debates from early BID research, this paper analyses two distinct themes in more recent scholarship: (1) BID policy mobility, and (2) BIDs and social regulation. As the BID model has been transferred to new locations across both the Global North and South, its rapid mobility demonstrates the permeability, resilience and limits of neoliberal urban policies. Moreover, BIDs’ social control tactics highlight how these organisations are shaped by a neoliberal logic that seeks to manage and control urban spaces in ways that attract desirable consumers and exclude the visible poor. This paper outlines the origins of both bodies of work and traces common patterns and variances overtime. It concludes by highlighting gaps in the existing literature and offers suggestions for future work.摘要：商业改善区（以下简称BID）最初由多伦多布鲁尔西村（Bloor West Village）的一小群商界人士于1970年创建，现已成为世界各地城市振兴策略的通行做法。许多批判性城市学者将BID概念化为新自由主义组织，并因此批评了它们在当代城市治理中的作用。由于BID已经存在了50多年，本文的目的是对BID研究进行一项姗姗来迟的重新评估，并为未来的学术研究指明方向。在阐述了早期BID研究的关键辩论后，本文分析了近期学术研究中的两个不同主题：（1）BID政策流动性，以及（2）BID和社会监管。随着BID模式被复制到全球北方和全球南方的新地点，其快速流动性证明了新自由主义城市政策的渗透性、复原性和局限性。此外，BID的社会控制策略凸显了这些组织如何受到新自由主义逻辑的影响，这种逻辑寻求以吸引理想消费者和排斥可见的贫困阶层的方式管理和控制城市空间。本文概述了这两种工作的起源，并追踪了长期中的共同模式和差异。最后，我们强调现有文献中的空白，并为未来的研究工作提供了建议。Keywords: Business Improvement Area, Business Improvement District, neoliberal urbanism, policy mobility, social control
关键词：商业改善区, 商业改善分区, 新自由主义城市化, 政策流动性, 社会控制
原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980211066420
State-steered smart mentality in Chinese smart urbanismAbstract: This study explores the socio-political shaping of Chinese smart urbanism by examining the power relations between the government (national and municipal), private firms and citizens embedded in smartmentality. Our exploration begins with teasing out key analytical standpoints of Alberto Vanolo’s concept of smartmentality applied in neoliberal practices of smart urbanism. Through this analytical framework, we conceptualise Chinafied smartmentality and illustrate how it is actually playing out in China by undertaking documentary research and in-depth interviews from an inductive case study of the Smart Transportation System (STS) in the city of Shijiazhuang. We observe that the idea of Chinafication extends smartmentality with a focus on the power dynamic. We further argue that this Chinafied smartmentality implies uncritical technological solutionism that is state-steered in nature, and citizen participation in digital platforms that is performed with limited roles and power for inclusion. The article concludes by calling for future research on the critical examination of value co-creation for shaping a truly citizen-centric mode of governance in Chinese smart urbanism.摘要：本项研究通过考察智慧思维（smartmentality）中所嵌入的政府（国家政府和市政府）、私营企业和公民之间的权力关系，探讨了中国智慧城市化的社会政治塑造。我们探索的出发点是对阿尔贝托·瓦诺洛（Alberto Vanolo）的智慧思维概念在智慧城市化的新自由主义实践中应用的关键分析观点进行梳理。凭借这一分析框架，我们通过对石家庄市智慧交通系统（STS）进行归纳案例研究（包括文献研究和深入访谈），将中国化智慧思维概念化并说明它是如何在中国实际发挥作用的。我们观察到，中国化的想法扩展了智慧思维，重点关注权力动态。我们进一步认为，这种中国化的智慧思维本质上是一种国家主导的、不加批判的技术解决方案主义，以及公民在参与数字平台方面的作用与包容性权力的有限性。本文最后呼吁未来的研究对价值共创进行批判性检验，以在中国智慧城市化过程中塑造真正以公民为中心的治理模式。Keywords: Chinese cities, citizenship, governmentality, smart city, smartmentality, smart urbanism
关键词：中国城市, 公民, 政府, 智慧城市, 智慧思维, 智慧城市化
原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980211062888
Is urbanisation in the Global South fundamentally different? Comparative global urban analysis for the 21st century全球南方的城市化有根本性的不同吗？21世纪全球城市比较分析
Gregory F Randolph（美国南加州大学）
Michael Storper（英国伦敦经济学院，美国加州大学洛杉矶分校）
首次出版时间：2022/2/8｜研究论文
Abstract: A vigorous debate has emerged in recent years over how to understand cities of the Global South. A pivotal issue in this debate is whether urbanisation processes in the South are so fundamentally different from historical and current urbanisation in the Global North that many of the theories developed from studying the latter have limited utility in application to the former. In this article, we review evidence from a range of disciplines on recent and ongoing urban transitions and urbanisation dynamicsin the Global South, attending to features that distinguish the urban South from the urban North. Our reading of the evidence indicates that parts of the Global South may be urbanising along historically and geographically specific trajectories; however, we argue that these differences are best understood through a unified set of global urban theories. Rather than flattening or silencing difference, theories that seek generalisation across time and spaces harpen the identification and appreciation of key differences in urbanisation processes. Analysing how the fundamental dynamics of urbanisation recombine and interact with one another in different contexts offers insight into policy challenges that cut across cities, both within and between the Global South and North, as well as context-specific policy issues that arise through the interaction of global urbanisation forces and local specificities.摘要：近年来出现了关于如何理解全球南方城市的激烈辩论。这场辩论中的一个关键问题是，南方的城市化进程是否与全球北方历史上和当前的城市化有根本性的不同，以至于通过研究后者发展而来的许多理论在应用于前者时效用有限。在本文中，我们回顾了一系列学科中关于全球南方近期和正在进行的城市转型和城市化动态的证据，关注将南方城市与北方城市区别开来的特征。我们对证据的解读表明，全球南方的部分地区可能正在沿着其独特的历史和地理轨迹经历城市化；然而，我们认为这些差异最好通过一套统一的全球城市理论来理解。寻求具有超越时间和空间的概括性的理论并不会淡化或漠视差异，反而能更加敏锐地识别和理解城市化进程中的关键差异。分析城市化的基本动力如何在不同背景下重新组合和相互作用，这有助于我们深入了解贯穿于全球南方城市和全球北方城市内部以及两者之间的政策挑战，以及通过全球城市化力量和地方特点相互影响产生的、特定于相关背景的政策问题。Keywords: agglomeration/urbanisation, demographics, development, Global South, migration, theory, urban land nexus关键词：集聚/城市化, 人口统计学, 发展, 全球南方, 移民, 理论, 城市土地关系
原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980211067926
推介 Urban Studies 期刊的最新文章和城市研究的最新动态搭建中国城市研究学者交流切磋的学术平台
UrbanStudiesJournal
微信号 :USJ_online