Employmentand Labor Rights in Xinjiang
The StateCouncil Information Office ofthePeople's Republic of China
新疆阿克陶县乡间扶贫片区工厂为周边民众提供就业岗位。I. Employment in XinjiangII. ProactiveEmployment PoliciesIII. FullRespect for Workers' Job PreferencesIV. Labor Rights ProtectionV. Better Jobs for Better LivesVI. Application of International Labor and Human RightsStandards劳动是人的存在方式，也是人类的本质活动。劳动创造美好生活，促进人的全面发展和人类文明进步。《中华人民共和国宪法》赋予公民劳动的权利和义务。保障劳动权就是维护人的尊严，就是保障人权。
Work creates the means of existence and is an essential humanactivity.It creates a better life and enables all-round human development andthe progress of civilization.The Constitution of the People's Republic of Chinaprovides that all citizens have the right and obligation to work. To protectthe right to work is to safeguard human dignity and human rights.中国是人口大国，也是劳动力大国。做好劳动就业保障工作，关系劳动者基本权利和生活幸福，关系经济发展、社会和谐，关系国家繁荣、民族复兴。中国坚持以人民为中心的发展思想，高度重视劳动就业保障工作，大力实施就业优先战略和积极的就业政策。充分尊重劳动者意愿，依法保障公民劳动权利，积极践行国际劳工和人权标准，努力使人人都能通过辛勤劳动创造幸福生活、实现自身发展。
China hasa large population and workforce. Employment and job security are key toguaranteeing workers' basic rights and wellbeing, and have a significant impacton economic development, social harmony, national prosperity, and the nation'srejuvenation. China is committed to the people-centered philosophy ofdevelopment, attaches great importance to job security, gives high priority toemployment, and pursues a proactive set of policies on employment. It fullyrespects the wishes of workers, protects citizens' right to work in accordance withthe law, applies international labor and human rights standards, and strives toenable everyone to create a happy life and achieve their own developmentthrough hard work.按照国家关于劳动就业的大政方针和打赢脱贫攻坚战的总体部署，中国新疆把促进劳动就业作为最大的民生工程、民心工程、根基工程，坚持把劳动者自主就业、市场调节就业、政府促进就业和鼓励创业相结合，多渠道增加就业，千方百计稳定就业。通过积极的劳动就业政策，新疆各族人民物质文化生活水平不断提高，各项人权得到有效保障和发展，为确保新疆各族群众同全中国人民一道迈入全面小康社会、实现新疆社会稳定和长治久安打下了坚实基础。
Inaccordance with the country's major policies on employment and the overall planfor eliminating poverty, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region takes thefacilitation of employment as the most fundamental project for ensuring andimproving people's wellbeing. It has made every effort to increase andstabilize employment through various channels: encouraging individualinitiative, regulatory role of the market, and government policies facilitatingemployment, entrepreneurship, and business startups. Through its proactivelabor and employment policies, Xinjiang has continuously improved the people'smaterial and cultural lives, and guaranteed and developed their human rights inevery field. This has laid a solid foundation for ensuring that the people ofall ethnic groups in Xinjiang have the opportunity to enjoy moderate prosperityin all respects and achieve long-term social stability together with theirfellow countrymen and countrywomen in other parts of China.I. Employment in Xinjiang新疆地处中国西北边陲，长期以来，受历史和自然等因素的影响，发展相对滞后，贫困人口较多。特别是南疆四地州（和田地区、喀什地区、阿克苏地区、克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州）生态环境恶劣，经济基础薄弱，就业承载能力严重不足，是国家确定的深度贫困地区。加之长期以来暴力恐怖势力、民族分裂势力、宗教极端势力鼓吹“来世天定”“教法大于国法”，煽动广大群众抵制学习国家通用语言文字，排斥现代科学知识，拒绝学习掌握就业技能、改善经济条件、提升自我发展能力，导致一些群众思想观念落后，文化程度不高，就业能力不足，就业率较低，收入十分有限，生活陷入长期贫困。
Xinjiangis located in the northwest of China. For historical and a range of naturalreasons, it has long lagged behind other parts of the country in development,and there is a large impoverished population. The four prefectures in southernXinjiang, namely, Hotan, Kashgar, Aksu and Kizilsu Kirgiz, in particular have apoor eco-environment, weak economic foundations, and a serious shortfall inemployment carrying capacity. They are identified as areas of extreme poverty.In addition, terrorists, separatists and religious extremists have longpreached that "the afterlife is fated" and that "religiousteachings are superior to state laws", inciting the public to resistlearning the standard spoken and written Chinese language, reject modernscience, and refuse to improve their vocational skills, economic conditions,and the ability to better their own lives. As a result, some local people haveoutdated ideas; they suffer from poor education and employability, lowemployment rates and incomes, and have fallen into long-term poverty.做好劳动就业工作，对于保障各族人民劳动就业权利、发展和改善民生、促进社会和谐稳定意义重大。特别是2012年中共十八大以来，新疆大力实施就业惠民工程，持续加大就业培训力度，积极拓宽就业渠道，有效扩大就业容量，就业形势持续向好，各族群众收入水平不断提升、生活质量越来越高，获得感、幸福感、安全感显著增强。
Employmentand job security carries great significance for ensuring people's right towork, improving their living standards, and promoting social harmony andstability. Especially since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Partyof China (CPC) in 2012, Xinjiang has vigorously implemented employmentprojects, enhanced vocational training, and expanded employment channels andcapacity. Thanks to these efforts, the employment situation in Xinjiang hascontinued to improve, people's incomes and quality of life are rising, andtheir sense of gain, happiness and security has significantly increased.政策体系进一步健全。近年来，新疆贯彻落实国家稳就业促就业决策部署，顺应人民呼声并结合自身实际，制定了《新疆维吾尔自治区党委 自治区人民政府关于进一步促进就业创业工作的意见》《新疆维吾尔自治区人民政府关于做好当前和今后一段时期就业创业工作的实施意见》《新疆维吾尔自治区“十三五”促进就业规划》等文件，在经济发展、财政保障、税收优惠、金融支持和城乡、区域、群体统筹，以及支持灵活就业、帮助困难群体就业等方面，作出系统安排，为促进劳动就业、维护劳动者权益提供了坚实的制度保障。
Policieshave further improved. In recent years, to implement the national policies andstrategies for stabilizing and facilitating employment and respond to callsfrom the public and local conditions, Xinjiang has successively formulated theOpinions of the CPC Committee and the People's Government of the Xinjiang UygurAutonomous Region on Further Facilitating Employment and Business Startups, theOpinions of the People's Government of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region onFacilitating Employment and Business Startups Now and in the Future, and the13th Five-Year Plan of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region for FacilitatingEmployment. Systematic arrangements have been made in the areas of economicdevelopment, governmental financial guarantees, tax incentives, support fromthe financial sector, and overall planning of urban and rural areas, differentregions, and diverse groups, as well as in supporting flexible employment andhelping groups in need to find jobs. All these provide a solid institutionalguarantee for facilitating employment and safeguarding the rights and interestsof workers.就业规模不断扩大。聚焦劳动就业重点群体和深度贫困地区，引导各族群众就地就近就业、有序进城就业和自主创业，扎实推进贫困劳动力转移就业。2014年至2019年，新疆的劳动就业总人数从1135.24万人增加到1330.12万人，增长17.2%；年均新增城镇就业47.12万人以上，其中，南疆地区14.8万人，占比31.4%；年均农村富余劳动力转移就业276.3万人次以上，其中，南疆地区167.8万人次，占比60%以上。
The scaleof employment has expanded continuously. Xinjiang focuses on areas of extremepoverty and key groups with difficulty finding work. It guides people of allethnic groups to find work nearby, or to locate jobs or start their ownbusinesses in cities, and encourages the impoverished workforce to seekemployment outside their hometowns. From 2014 to 2019, the total number ofpeople employed in Xinjiang rose from 11.35 million to 13.3 million, an increaseof 17.2 percent. The average annual increase in urban employment was more than471,200 people (148,000 in southern Xinjiang, accounting for 31.4 percent); andthe average annual relocation of surplus rural labor was more than 2.76 millionpeople, of whom nearly 1.68 million, or over 60 percent, were in southernXinjiang.就业结构更趋合理。以推进供给侧结构性改革为主线，坚持一产上水平、二产抓重点、三产大发展，培育壮大特色优势产业和劳动密集型产业，引导劳动力向第三产业有序流动。从三次产业分布看，就业人员占比2014年为45.4∶16.0∶38.6，2019年为36.4∶14.1∶49.5，其中，第三产业就业人员占比提高了10.9个百分点，成为吸纳就业最多的产业。从城乡分布看，越来越多农村富余劳动力向城镇流动，城镇吸纳就业能力进一步增强。2014年城镇就业人数535.4万人，2019年增加至734.17万人，占全部就业人员的55.2%。
Theemployment structure has become more rational. Xinjiang considers supply-sidestructural reform as a key priority, and endeavors to raise the level of theprimary industry, focus on key projects in the secondary industry, and boostthe tertiary industry. It nurtures and strengthens industries with distinctivestrengths and labor-intensive industries, and guides the orderly flow of laborto the tertiary industry. In terms of workforce distribution across the threeindustries, the ratio in 2014 was 45.4 : 16.0 : 38.6, which evolved to 36.4 :14.1 : 49.5 in 2019. The tertiary industry saw an increase of 10.9 percentagepoints, making it the most job-intensive sector. In terms of workforcedistribution in urban and rural areas, surplus rural labor is increasinglymoving to cities and towns, and the ability of these places to absorb workforcehas been strengthened. The number of people employed in cities and towns increasedfrom 5.35 million in 2014 to 7.34 million in 2019, accounting for 55.2 percentof the total.劳动力素质明显提升。通过实施教育惠民工程，新疆的学前教育、九年义务教育、高中阶段教育、高等教育、职业教育均达历史最高水平。2019年，普通高等教育在校生45.38万人，比2014年增加14.62万人；中等教育在校生184.36万人，比2014年增加14.76万人。通过开展就业技能培训，培养造就了一支新时代知识型、技能型、创新型劳动者大军。据统计，2014年至2019年，全疆年均培训城乡各类劳动者128.8万人次，其中，南疆地区年均培训45.14万人次。参训人员至少掌握1项就业技能，绝大多数取得了职业资格证书、职业技能等级证书或专项职业能力证书，实现稳定就业。
Thequality of the workforce has improved significantly. Thanks to the government'seducation projects, enrollments in preschool education, nine-year compulsoryeducation, senior high school education, higher education and vocationaleducation in Xinjiang have all reached the highest level in history. In 2019,there were 453,800 full-time students studying at universities and colleges (anincrease of 146,200 over 2014), and 1.84 million students studying at secondaryschools (an increase of 147,600 over 2014). Through vocational training,Xinjiang has built a large knowledge-based, skilled and innovative workforcethat meets the requirements of the new era. Every year from 2014 to 2019Xinjiang provided training sessions to an average of 1.29 million urban andrural workers, of which 451,400 were in southern Xinjiang. The traineesmastered at least one skill with employment potential, and the vast majority ofthem obtained vocational qualifications, skill level certificates, orspecialized skill certificates, allowing them to go on to find stableemployment.居民和职工收入稳步增长。2014年至2019年，新疆维吾尔自治区城镇居民人均可支配收入由2.32万元增至3.47万元，年均名义增长8.6%，农村居民人均可支配收入由8724元增至1.31万元，年均名义增长8.9%；新疆生产建设兵团城镇居民人均可支配收入由2.76万元增至4.07万元，年均名义增长8.5%，连队居民人均可支配收入由1.39万元增至2.2万元，年均名义增长9.9%。全疆城镇非私营单位就业人员年均工资由5.35万元增至7.94万元，年均增长8.4%；城镇私营单位就业人员年均工资由3.62万元增至4.59万元，年均增长5.4%。2018年至2019年，南疆地区及兵团四个深度贫困团场有15.5万名建档立卡贫困家庭劳动力转移就业并实现了脱贫。
The incomeof residents and workers has increased steadily. From 2014 to 2019, the percapita disposable income of residents in Xinjiang increased as follows:-- urbanresidents: from RMB23,200 to RMB34,700 (an average annual nominal growth of 8.6percent);-- rural residents:from RMB8,724 to RMB13,100 (an average annual nominal growth of 8.9 percent);-- urbanresidents in areas under the administration of Xinjiang Production andConstruction Corps (a special entity entrusted by the state to cultivate andguard China's border area in Xinjiang): from RMB27,600 to RMB40,700 (an averageannual nominal growth of 8.5 percent);--residents of the company residence areas of the Corps: from RMB13,900 toRMB22,000 (an average annual nominal growth of 9.9 percent);-- averageannual salary of employees in non-private sectors in cities and towns: fromRMB53,500 to RMB79,400 (an annual growth of 8.4 percent);-- averageannual salary of employees in private sectors in cities and towns: fromRMB36,200 to RMB45,900 (an annual growth of 5.4 percent).From 2018to 2019, 155,000 people from registered poor households in southern Xinjiangand in four impoverished regimental farms of the Xinjiang Production andConstruction Corps found employment outside their hometowns and subsequentlyemerged from poverty.事实说明，近年来新疆的劳动就业保障工作取得了显著成效，总体态势良好。但也要看到，还面临经济发展底子薄、农村富余劳动力人数多、就业技能水平低等困难和挑战。进一步优化产业结构、提升劳动力素质、转变思想观念，是解决新疆劳动就业的一项长期任务。
The abovestatistics show that, in recent years Xinjiang has achieved remarkable resultsin providing employment services and job security to the residents, and theoverall situation is good. However, it should be noted that Xinjiang is stillfaced with difficulties and challenges including a weak foundation for economicdevelopment, a large labor surplus in rural areas, and a low level ofvocational skills. To solve its problem of employment in the long term,Xinjiang must further optimize the industrial structure, improve the quality ofthe workforce, and change people's outdated mindset.外刊精读 | 比较阅读：Biden's VP Pick: Kamala Harris 2020政府工作报告
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