MTI备考重磅之北京大学历年真题汇总
大家好，我是M君，一个集经验
与才华于一身的良心小编。
创办于1898年的北京大学是中国近代第一所国立大学，其悠久的历史及浓厚的学术氛围无一不说明着这所学校是中国最顶尖的高等学府之一。即便你没有去过北大，你也一定听说过北大的未名湖与燕园，听说过一两则发生在这个校园里的名人轶事。相信有很多同学都有意愿想要考入这所学校，那么就让我们一起来看看北京大学2018、2017、2016三年的真题吧！
2018北京大学真题
357英语翻译基础
一、词语翻译（30 个）
1. 举债融资
2. 产能
3. 淡季
4. 京津冀一体化
5. 动车
6. 自媒体
7. 创新示范区
8. 中华民族伟大复兴
9. 宏观政策
10. 供给侧改革
11. 新常态
12. 陪产假
13. 男女平等
14. 打车软件
15. 低头族
16. UNICEF
17. Ganges
18. Think tank
19. Passover
20. The Bastille
21. Glucose
22. Republicanism
23. surrealism
24. procrastination
25. tipping point
26. Chiang Kai-shek
27. Kilimanjaro
28. avant-garde
29. Notre Dame de Paris
30. Academy Reward
话题：历法
三、汉译英
话题：生态文学
448 汉语百科知识与写作
一、选择题（25个）
源自参考书，涉及西方哲学、翻译理论、翻译项目管理，《中国翻译》上的文章也有考。如：
下面哪个关于“逻各斯”的说法不对；
文化翻译的原则；
《弗兰恩斯坦》的作者；
傅雷翻译观；
第五次科技革命的成果；
中国翻译发展的特点；
大数据的特点。
二、 论述
1. 《华夏集》的作者、翻译理念、写作背景。
2. 《钦定本圣经》的修订背景、影响。
3. 鲁迅和维努狄异化翻译观的异同。
4. 对等翻译理论是谁提出的，内容？
5. 当代中国翻译在海外出版的不足和建议。
三、应用文
给日语翻译公司的写一封求职自荐信。
四、大作文
共享经济。
211翻译硕士英语
一、完型填空
文章为一篇论文摘要
主要内容：从耻辱感到罪恶感
主要考察：单词、词组、连接词、文章理解
二、阅读理解（四篇）
第一篇：围绕一个人文主义作家，讲古典文学创作传统的隐晦和强调神的地位受人文主义影响后的变化。
第二篇：缺乏封建传统使得美国工人运动乏力。
第三篇：美国国会未能降低赤字，作者对两党的批评。
第四篇：翻译起源于对希腊语和拉丁语的教学，这一传统对后来研究的阻碍作用。
三、排序
话题：茶叶党的文化特征和对宪法的不坚定性。给出的段落里，其中一段是处于正确位置的，还有一段是不属于本篇文章的多余段。
四、作文
交际翻译和语义翻译哪个更好？
2017北京大学真题
357英语翻译基础
一、词语翻译（30个，以下为部分）
扶贫攻坚工程
职工养老保险
计划生育
新生代农民工
UNESCO
Passover
urban-rural integration
immortal writings
Notre Dame de Paris
ganges
Federal constitution
confederation
二、英译汉
文章为一篇关于“fast evil and slow good”的观点性议论文，翻译时需注意文章中有许多科学术语。
三、汉译英
知识分子已经不再是社会的推动者，成为了彻底的被推动者。他们被推向舞台前方，从满足电视等媒体的技术要求来看，他们显示出了超过常人的智慧，擅长讨好观众，擅长修辞和表演。但他们给观众留下的只是一个影像，当他们的话语被转化成文本，那些光辉便会消失得无影无踪。
历史的发展导致了文化的多样化，知识不再具有统一的“知识场”，变得碎片化。所谓的知识分子只是传承者，而非立法者，传统的知识分子阶层已经很难再形成。然而，在当今的中国，仍存在统一“知识场”的可能——即文言文书写，只不过中国人普遍还没有这样的意识。文言文书写包括道德、才能、艺术、正义、文化认同等多个方面的因素，要求人们——敬天爱人，尊老爱幼，忠君爱国。文言文书写可能是形成知识统一场的唯一土壤，但是这片土壤已经荒芜。
448 汉语百科知识与写作
一、名词解释（阅读下面一段材料，对标有下划线的名词进行简要解释）
中学为体，西学为用
以夷制夷
全盘西化
鲁迅
梁实秋
瞿秋白
曹禺
朱生豪
莎士比亚
《哈姆雷特》
《罗密欧与朱丽叶》
冬奥会
国际货币基金组织
特别提款权货币
屠呦呦
暗物质探测卫星
超级计算机
《圣经》
通天塔
苏美尔人
空中花园
两河流域
慕课
微课
二、应用文
今年暑期，五名来自北京技工学校的在校大学生在北京重型机械厂进行了为期一个月的实习，回到学校后，这五名同学打算给北京重型机械厂写一封感谢信，请你为他们代笔，写一封格式正确，总字数在450字以内的应用文。
三、大作文
2013人教版语文课本将鲁迅的《风筝》替换为了史铁生的《秋天的怀念》，对于鲁迅文章退出语文课本这一事件，人们各有不同的观点和看法，针对此事，你有何观点，你认为鲁迅是否应该退出语文课本，中小学生是否应该培养进行深刻思考的能力，请就你的观点写一篇不少于800字的文章，除诗歌外，文体不限。
211翻译硕士英语
一、完形填空
二、阅读理解（四篇）
每篇文章后有5道选择题。文章话题包括：美国共和党和民主党的总统选取竞争、世界各国对战胜埃博拉病毒所做的努力等。
三、排序
话题有关种族问题，一共给了7段文字。需要注意的是：其中一段是处于正确位置的，还有一段是不属于本篇文章的多余段。
四、写作
给了一段Andre Lefevere的翻译理论材料，要求对其观点进行分析，表明自己对其观点是赞同还是反对，并证明自己的论点。写一篇大约300词的文章。
材料大意：Andre Lefevere认为西方各国语言都有同样的文化源头，都起源于罗马文化和希腊文化，而非西方语言并没有这一共同的文化基础，因此，由于文化背景和语境的不同会导致西方和非西方交流过程的差异性，这种差异甚至比语言本身带来的差异性更大。在翻译的过程中，语境和文化背景的差异会重构意义的理解，继而产生误解和费解。
2016北京大学真题
357英语翻译基础
一、词语翻译（以下为部分）
桂冠诗人
室内设计
孕妇装
付费电视
露天市场
读者文摘
Vatican City
Union Jack
string quartet
X-rate
spaghetti
二、英译汉
文章是关于modenity，self, self-realization, self-exploration, aesthetics, 中间举例子有马克思、尼采、韦伯等人的思想，最后回归到了double consciousness，最后讲到modernity 不再局限于西方，而是扩展到所有追求现代的人，是给所有人的poisoned gift。
三、汉译英
文章讲的是禅宗和绘画之间的关系，其中论述了“胸中有丘壑”与绘画之间的关系，其中还讲了庄子的思想等等。
448 汉语百科知识与写作
一、名词解释
孟子
春秋
堂吉诃德
两河流域文明
亚马孙河
舟山群岛
垓下之战
破釜沉舟
古事记
担当相
和歌
镰仓幕府
麦积山石窟
王羲之
中学为体西学为用
梁启超
国际原子能机构
中纪委
红楼梦
东罗马帝国
九品中正制
楚辞
北海道
塔里木盆地
四库全书
二、应用文
你是北京第二十五中学的李平，你发现很多同学在升旗仪式上没有大声唱国歌，经过你和你同学的调查发现，许多同学并不会唱国歌，于是大家决定写一出倡议书，呼吁大家都能把国歌唱出来。大家推举你为执笔人，请你写一份倡议书，注意格式，400 字以内。
三、大作文
2015 年11 月份，北京便迎来了初雪。对这场雪，有人欢喜有人忧。请写一篇作文，题目自拟，800 字以内。
211翻译硕士英语
一、完型填空
文章如下：
How digital culture is rewiring our brains
Our brains are superlatively evolved to adapt to our environment: a process known as neuroplasticity. The connections between our brain cells will be shaped, strengthened and refined by our individual experiences. It is this personalisation of the physical brain, driven by unique interactions with the external world, that arguably constitutes the biological basis of each mind, so what will happen to that mind if the external world changes in unprecedented ways, for example, with an all-pervasive digital technology?
A recent survey in the US showed that more than half of teenagers aged 13 to 17 spend more than 30 hours a week, outside school, using computers and other web-connected devices. If their environment is being transformed for so much of the time into a fast-paced and highly interactive two-dimensional space, the brain will adapt, for good or ill. Professor Michael Merzenich, of the University of California, San Francisco, gives a typical neuroscientific perspective.
''There is a massive and unprecedented difference in how 'digital natives' brains are plastically engaged in life compared with those of average individuals from earlier generations and there is little question that the operational characteristics of the average modern brain substantially differ,'' he says.
The implications of such a sweeping ''mind change'' must surely extend into education policy. Most obviously, time spent in front of a screen is time not spent doing other things. Several studies have already documented a link between the recreational use of computers and a decline in school performance. Perhaps most important of all, we need to understand the full impact of cyber culture on the emotional and cognitive profile of the 21st-century mind.
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Inevitably, there is a variety of issues. Let us look at just three.
First, social networking. Eye contact is a pivotal and sophisticated component of human interaction, as is subconscious monitoring of body language and, most powerful of all, physical contact, yet none of these experiences is available on social networking sites. It follows that if a young brain with the evolutionary mandate to adapt to the environment is establishing relationships through the medium of a screen, the skills essential for empathy may not be acquired as naturally as in the past.
In line with this prediction, a recent study from Michigan University of 14,000 college students has reported a decline in empathy over the past 30 years, which was particularly marked over the past decade.
Such data does not, of course, prove a causal link but just as with smoking and cancer some 50 years ago, epidemiologists could investigate any possible connection.
The psychologist Sherry Turkle, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has argued in her recent book Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other that the more continuously connected people are in cyberspace, the more isolated they feel.
Second, video games. Neuropsychological studies suggest frequent and continued playing might lead to enhanced recklessness. Data also indicates reduced attention spans and possible addiction. In line with this, significant chemical and even structural changes are being reported in the brains of obsessional gamers. No single paper is ever likely to be accepted unanimously as conclusive but a survey of 136 reports using 381 independent tests, and conducted on more than 130,000 participants, concluded that video games led to significant increases in desensitisation, physiological arousal, aggression and a decrease in prosocial behaviour.
Third, search engines. Can the internet improve cognitive skills and learning, as has been argued? The problem is that efficient information processing is not synonymous with knowledge or understanding. Even the chairman of Google, Eric Schmidt, has said: ''I worry that the level of interrupt, the sort of overwhelming rapidity of information - and, especially, of stressful information - is, in fact, affecting cognition. It is, in fact, affecting deeper thinking. I still believe that sitting down and reading a book is the best way to really learn something.'' Given the plasticity of the brain, it is not surprising adapting to a cyber-environment will also lead to positives - for example, enhanced performance in skills that are continuously rehearsed, such as a mental agility similar to that needed in IQ tests or in visuomotor co-ordination. However, we urgently need a fuller picture.
二、阅读理解（四篇）
第三篇原文如下：
The rise in female employment also seems to have coincided with (or perhaps precipitated) a similarly steep rise in standards for what it means to be a good parent, and especially a good mother. Niggling feelings of guilt and ambivalence over working outside the home, together with some social pressures, compel many women to try to fulfil idealised notions of motherhood as well, says Judy Wajcman, a sociology professor at the London School of Economics and author of a new book, "Pressed for Time: The Acceleration of Life in Digital Capitalism".
The struggle to "have it all" may be a fairly privileged modern challenge. But it bears noting that even in professional dual-income households, mothers still handle the lion's share of parenting—particularly the daily, routine jobs that never feel finished. Attentive fathers handle more of the enjoyable tasks, such as taking children to games and playing sports, while mothers are stuck with most of the feeding, cleaning and nagging. Though women do less work around the house than they used to, the jobs they do tend to be the never-ending ones, like tidying, cooking and laundry. Well-educated men chip in far more than their fathers ever did, and more than their less-educated peers, but still put in only half as much time as women do. And men tend to do the discrete tasks that are more easily crossed off lists, such as mowing lawns or fixing things round the house. All of this helps explain why time for mothers, and especially working mothers, always feels scarce. "Working mothers with young children are the most time-scarce segment of society," says Geoffrey Godbey, a time-use expert at Penn State University. Parents also now have far more insight into how children learn and develop, so they have more tools (and fears) as they groom their children for adulthood. This reinforces another reason why well-off people are investing so much time in parenthood: preparing children to succeed is the best way to transfer privilege from one generation to the next. Now that people are living longer, parents are less likely to pass on a big financial bundle when they die. So the best way to ensure the prosperity of one's children is to provide the education and skills needed to get ahead, particularly as this human capital grows ever more important for success.
This helps explain why privileged parents spend so much time worrying over schools and chauffeuring their children to résumé-enhancing activities. "Parents are now afraid of doing less than their neighbors," observes Philip Cohen, a sociology professor at the University of Maryland who studies contemporary families. "It can feel like an arms race."
No time to lose
Leisure time is now the stuff of myth. Some are cursed with too much. Others find it too costly to enjoy. Many spend their spare moments staring at a screen of some kind, even though doing other things (visiting friends, volunteering at a church) tends to make people happier. Not a few presume they will cash in on all their stored leisure time when they finally retire, whenever that may be. In the meantime, being busy has its rewards. Otherwise why would people go to such trouble?
Alas time, ultimately, is a strange and slippery resource, easily traded, visible only when it passes and often most highly valued when it is gone. No one has ever complained of having too much of it. Instead, most people worry over how it flies, and wonder where it goes. Cruelly, it runs away faster as people get older, as each accumulating year grows less significant, proportionally, but also less vivid. Experiences become less novel and more habitual. The years soon bleed together and end up rushing past, with the most vibrant memories tucked somewhere near the beginning. And of course the more one tries to hold on to something, the swifter it seems to go.
Writing in the first century, Seneca was startled by how little people seemed to value their lives as they were living them—how busy, terribly busy, everyone seemed to be, mortal in their fears, immortal in their desires and wasteful of their time. He noticed how even wealthy people hustled their lives along, ruing their fortune, anticipating a time in the future when they would rest. "People are frugal in guarding their personal property; but as soon as it comes to squandering time they are most wasteful of the one thing in which it is right to be stingy," he observed in "On the Shortness of Life", perhaps the very first time-management self-help book. Time on Earth may be uncertain and fleeting, but nearly everyone has enough of it to take some deep breaths, think deep thoughts and smell some roses, deeply. "Life is long if you know how to use it," he counseled.
Nearly 2,000 years later, de Grazia offered similar advice. Modern life, that leisure-squandering, money-hoarding, grindstone-nosing, frippery-buying business, left him exasperated. He saw that everyone everywhere was running, running, running, but to where? For what? People were trading their time for all sorts of things, but was the exchange worth it? He closed his 1962 tome, "Of Time, Work and Leisure", with a precision.
三、排序
文章如下：
Modern Criticism
DICKSON D. BRUCE JR.
W. E. B. Du Bois and the Idea of Double Consciousness
As scholars have developed a greater understanding of the importance of African American literature to the American tradition, they have also developed a real appreciation for the critical place of the thought of W. E. B. Du Bois in both that literature and that tradition in the twentieth century. In particular, they have focused on the famous passage from Du Bois's 1897 Atlantic magazine essay, "Strivings of the Negro People" -- later republished, with revisions, in The Souls of Black Folk (1903) -- in which Du Bois spoke of an African American "double consciousness," a "two-ness" of being" an American, a Negro; two warring ideals in one dark body, whose dogged strength alone keeps it from being torn asunder."
Du Bois's use of the idea of double consciousness to characterize issues of race was provocative and unanticipated; however, as has only occasionally been noted and never really pursued, the term itself had a long history by the time Du Bois published his essay in 1897. Du Bois wrote about double consciousness in a way that drew heavily on that history to create a fairly coherent pattern of connotations in both the essay and the later book. The background of meaning which the term evoked would have been familiar to many, if not most, of the educated middle- and upper-class readers of the Atlantic, one of the foremost popular journals of letters of the day, and should have contributed much to the understanding of Du Bois's arguments by those readers.
In using the term "double consciousness," Du Bois drew on two main sources. One of these was essentially figurative, a product of European Romanticism and American Transcendentalism. The other, not entirely unrelated and mentioned briefly by historian Arnold Rarnpersad in his own analysis of Du Bois's work, was initially medical, carried forward into Du Bois's time by the emerging field of psychology. Here the term "double consciousness" was applied to cases of split personality; by the late nineteenth century, it had come into quite general use not only in professional publications but also in discussions of psychological research published for general audiences as well .
The figurative sources for Du Bois's idea of double consciousness are in some ways the most telling. Although one can identify from nineteenth-century literature several possible precedents for Du Bois's use of the term-from Whittier, for example, or George Eliot-Werner Sollors has described this figurative background as Ernersonian, and indeed one of the earliest such occurrences of the term may be found in Emerson's works; In an 1843 essay entitled "The Transcendentalist," a piece he had delivered earlier as a lecture, Emerson employed the term "double consciousness" to refer to a problem in the life of one seeking to take a Transcendental perspective on self and world. Constantly, he wrote, the individual is pulled back from the divine by the demands of daily life. The Transcendentalist knows" moments of illumination," and this makes his situation all the more difficult, because lie then sees his life, from the perspective those moments create, as too much dominated by meanness and insignificance. As Emerson wrote, "The worst feature of this double consciousness is, that the two lives, of the understanding and of the soul, which lie leads, really show very little relation to each other: one prevails now, all buzz and din; the other prevails then, all infinitude and paradise; and, with the progress of life, the two discover no greater disposition to reconcile themselves." Concerned with different issues, Emerson used the term in a way that was not exactly the same as Du Bois's. But there was more than enough similarity to make Emerson's a useful background to what Du Bois was trying to say.
In Emerson's essay, "double-consciousness" evoked a set of oppositions that had become commonplace in Transcendentalism, and as other scholars have shown, in Romanticism generally. In the passage itself was a dichotomy between "the understanding" and "the soul," but even that referred to a more general set, all organized around a central division between world and spirit. The double consciousness plaguing the Transcendentalist summarized the downward pull of life in society -- including the social forces inhibiting genuine self-realization and the upward pull of communion with the divine; the apparent chaos of things as they are and the unity of Nature comprehended by universal law; and the demanding, cold rationality of commercial society and the search for Truth, Beauty, and Goodness -- especially Beauty-that ennobled the soul. Human beings, in the world, could not escape its downward pull. The worldly was an essential part of living one's life. The Transcendental double consciousness grew out of an awareness that Nature and the soul were so much more.
A similar set of oppositions was an important part of Du Bois's argument in his "Strivings of the Negro People." Although in the essay Du Bois used "double consciousness" to refer to at least three different issues -- including first the real power of white stereotypes in black life and thought and second the double consciousness created by the practical racism that excluded every black American from the mainstream of the society, the double consciousness of being both an American and not an American -- by double consciousness Du Bois referred most importantly to an internal conflict in the African American individual between what was "African" and what was "American." It was in terms of this third sense that the figurative background to "double consciousness" gave the term its most obvious support, because for Du Bois the essence of a distinctive African consciousness was its spirituality, a spirituality based in Africa but revealed among African Americans in their folklore, their history of patient suffering, and their faith. In this sense double consciousness related particularly to Du Bois's efforts to privilege, the spiritual in relation to the materialistic, commercial world white America. "Negro blood has a message for the world," he wrote, and this message, as he had been saying since at least 1888, was of a spiritual sense and a softening influence that black people could bring to a cold and calculating world. What Sherman Paul says of Emerson's , stress on the "feminine eye" one may also say of Du Bois's stress on the African soul, that it serves as an alternative to a dominant inability to "see" apart from the possibilities for action and profit, a notion Du Bois played on when, guided by his important figure of the "veil," lie described the African American as gifted with a kind of "second sight."
四、作文
computer translation 的发展前景，以后需不需要人力的参与，以此为话题写作文，要求尤其讨论人力的参与与否。
看过北京大学近三年真题后，M君发现北大的题型基本上是保持不变的，下面M君为大家总结一下：翻译基础一般会考30个词语翻译、一篇英译汉、一篇汉译英。词条翻译多为新词和热词，平时需注意积累；篇章翻译多为文化类和科技类文章，需注意的是如何处理文章中的术语。百科这一门一般会考名词解释、应用文写作和现代文写作。需注意的是18年名词解释改为了选择题形式，因此19年考生需做好两手准备；应用文多为信函类文章，多多练习即可；现代文考察的观点性的议论文，平时需要多练笔。翻硕英语这一门考察完形填空、阅读、排序以及作文。排序题是需要注意的一种题型，其他三种题型为常规题型。
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