里尔克：反叛与抒情
Rainer Maria Rilke is someone whose name must be said in its entirety. He is a German-language poet, born in Prague in 1875, who crafted dialogues around his own solitude. His pilgrimages manifested themselves both in and out of this world, from Russia to his architecture of consciousness. A traveler of many places, he hoarded influences, reflecting what he read and saw in his own poetry. Rilke spent most of his life impoverished, but was always rich in language. Many scholars focus heavily on Rilke’s introspection as a crippling depression, but perhaps he just wanted to champion his darkest self. His poems, letters, and works have been translated into many languages, his poetry moving millions of people.里尔克是一个必须完整说出姓名的人。他是一位德语诗人，1875年生于布拉格，围绕自己的孤独创作对话。他的朝圣之旅表现在世界内外，从俄罗斯到他的意识建筑。他在许多地方读到了自己的诗歌，反映了他自己的影响。里尔克一生中大部分时间都过得很穷，但语言总是很丰富。许多学者把目光集中在里尔克的自省上，认为他是一个严重的抑郁症，但也许他只是想为自己最黑暗的自我辩护。他的诗、信和作品被译成多种语言，他的诗感动了千百万人。
Rilke is a poet partially born out of his circumstances and partially born out of his own innate sensibilities. Rilke’s first awakening of the world was to the unhappy marriage of his parents. He was ensconced in it; it was his first lesson in love and the spaces in which it did not exist. This coupled with his living in the wake of his sister, who died when she was only a week old, left morose undertones in the household. His mother often dressed young Rilke in girl’s clothes. His parents were keen on him becoming an officer. Forced into a military school at a young age, Rilke’s like seemed to be on a carousel of haplessness.里尔克是一个诗人，一部分来自于他的环境，另一部分来自于他天生的情感。里尔克第一次觉醒是因为他父母的不幸婚姻。他安顿在其中，这是他在爱情和爱情不存在的空间中的第一课。这再加上他在妹妹去世后的生活，妹妹在她只有一个星期大时就去世了，这给家里留下了阴郁的气氛。他母亲经常给小里尔克穿女孩的衣服。他的父母渴望他成为一名军官。里尔克很小就被迫进了一所军事学校，看起来就像是在一个不幸的旋转木马上。
It was Rilke’s uncle that saw the potential to unearth his inherent gifts, and enrolled him in prepatory school. Later, Rilke went on to Charles University, continuing his life in Prague and, now for the first time fully, his literary career. He studied literature, philosophy and history in Prague and in Munich. Though Rilke never got his degree, his education was satiated by his thirst and curiosity of knowledge. His attendance at multiple universities and his exploration of many educational avenues awarded him an unofficial scholarly title.正是里尔克的叔叔看到了挖掘他内在天赋的潜力，并让他进了预科学校。后来，里尔克进入了查尔斯大学，继续他在布拉格的生活，现在他第一次完整地开始了他的文学生涯。他在布拉格和慕尼黑学习文学、哲学和历史。里尔克虽然没有拿到学位，但他的教育却满足了他对知识的渴望和好奇心。他在多所大学的出勤率和他对许多教育途径的探索使他获得了一个非官方的学术头衔。
This period became one of Rilke’s formative experiences. He was away from his parents, and could be an individual. It was here that he met Lou-Andrea Salomé in Munich. Despite her already being married, Rilke and Salomé engaged in a torrid and artistic love affair for several years. She was the one who encouraged Rilke to go by Rainer instead of his birth name René. As an older woman who was overwhelming in her sexuality, Salomé was able to steal many hearts, and she did. She would remain one of Rilke’s closes confidants until the end of his life.这一时期成为里尔克形成的经历之一。他不在父母身边，可能是个个人。他就是在慕尼黑遇到卢安德烈·萨洛梅的。尽管她已经结婚，瑞尔克和萨洛美仍在热情洋溢的艺术情缘中交往了好几年。她鼓励瑞尔去，而不是他的出生名雷内。作为一个在性方面势不可挡的大女人，萨洛美能够偷走很多人的心，她也这样做了。她将继续是瑞克的亲密知己之一，直到他生命的结束。
It was through her that was he was able travel to Russia into the calming and impressive presence of Tolstoy. Russia’s landscape and bohemian spirit inspired the young, sensitive man at a time that helped shaped his mental outpourings. At this stage in his life, Rilke was strong enough to form himself as an autonomous individual, while remaining open enough to be shaped by his experiences. Rilke was shifting. He was transforming into the musculature of lyricism and introspection he is loved for today. Russia wasn’t the only place on this young man’s list of expeditions. He also darted off to Italy, again widening the scope of his world. Rilke was able to escape his childhood, his initial circumstances, but the impressions they left became indelible vestiges woven into his narrative.正是通过她，他才得以前往俄罗斯，与托尔斯泰的平静和令人印象深刻的存在。俄罗斯的风景和波希米亚精神启发了这位年轻、敏感的人，同时也塑造了他的精神宣泄。在他生命的这一阶段，里尔克足够强大，形成了一个自主的个体，同时保持了足够的开放性，可以被他的经验塑造。里尔克在转移。他正在转变成他今天所爱的抒情和反省的肌肉。在这个年轻人的远征名单上，俄罗斯并不是唯一的地方。他还迅速前往意大利，再次扩大了他的世界范围。里尔克得以逃离童年和最初的境遇，但他们留下的印象却成了他叙述中不可磨灭的痕迹。
The artist spirit was rife within Rilke and his excursions only enhanced it. In 1900, he lived in Worpswede, getting to know artists like Paula Modersohn-Becker and Clara Westhoff. Worspwede was an artists’ commune in northern Germany that nurtured the often delicate consciousness of those who lived there. This was another important moment in Rilke’s life, as here is where he would meet his future wife, the sculptor Clara Westhoff. Their marriage cooled as it aged, starting off as a homage yet interpretation of the ritualistic communion, then watered down into an eventual estrangement. Rilke loved what women could do to him, first Salomé then Westhoff, which bled into his evaluation of gender and relationships in his writing. Despite what he saw through his own parents’ marriage, after sifting through time, experience, and conviction, like most artists of the 20th century, Rilke came to realize love was the only idea worth writing about. His focus was on the archaic and symbiotic relationship of men and women: notions that plagued and intrigued him.里尔克内心充满了艺术家的精神，他的远足只会增强这种精神。1900年，他住在伍普斯韦德，结识了像保拉·摩德松·贝克尔和克拉拉·韦斯特霍夫这样的艺术家。伍斯普韦德是德国北部的一个艺术家公社，它培养了生活在那里的人们常常微妙的意识。这是里尔克生命中的另一个重要时刻，因为他将在这里见到他未来的妻子，雕刻家克拉拉·韦斯特霍夫。他们的婚姻随着年龄的增长而冷却，一开始只是一种对礼节性的礼节的敬意，后来逐渐淡化为最终的隔阂。里尔克喜欢女人能对他做什么，先是萨洛美，然后是韦斯特霍夫，这一点渗透到他对性别和关系的评价中。尽管里尔克从自己父母的婚姻中看到了什么，但在经过时间、经验和信念的筛选之后，里尔克像20世纪的大多数艺术家一样，逐渐意识到爱是唯一值得写的思想。他的重点放在古老的共生关系上：困扰和吸引他的观念。
Rilke’s zest for life only continued to grow as he moved to Paris in 1902. Initially, as fate would have it, Rilke’s time in Paris would bring difficulty. But this hardship would be reflected in his only novel The Notebooks of Malte Laurids Brigge. He would work as Rodin’s secretory, deepening his interest and exposure to Modernism. He also rubbed elbows with Cézanne during his time in Paris. Rilke had no shortage of impressive influences in his life. Everything he was exposed to was molding his vision and his artistic voice.里尔克1902年搬到巴黎后，对生活的热情才持续增长。起初，正如命运所愿，里尔克在巴黎的时间会带来困难。但这一艰难将反映在他唯一的小说《马尔特·劳里德斯·布里奇的笔记本》中。他将担任罗丹的秘书，加深了他对现代主义的兴趣和接触。在巴黎期间，他还与塞尚擦肩而过。里尔克一生中不乏令人印象深刻的影响。他所接触到的一切都在塑造他的视觉和艺术声音。
Rilke, thanks to his poetic sensibilities coupled with his ripened sensitivity from a loveless childhood, made him psychologically frail. Unlike his contemporary Kafka, he couldn’t steady the perfunctory work routine with his writing. He couldn’t balance the two, one would always suffer. When he tried to take a desk job for the Austrian Army during World War I, his friends rallied to get the suffering bohemian discharged after six brief months. To escape the post-war bedlam, Rilke took up an invitation to lecture in Zurich where his writing could begin to revive itself. He stayed writing in both fecund and futile times throughout Switzerland for years, eventually struggling with health problems that ultimately killed him. It was leukemia that took him in 1926.里尔克，多亏了他的诗意情感，加上他从一个无爱的童年成熟的敏感，使他心理脆弱。与他同时代的卡夫卡不同的是，他无法用他的写作来稳定敷衍的工作惯例。他无法平衡这两者，一个会一直受苦。第一次世界大战期间，当他试图为奥地利军队做一份案头工作时，他的朋友们团结起来，在短短的六个月后让这位饱受折磨的波希米亚人退伍。为了摆脱战后的混乱，里尔克接受了一个邀请，去苏黎世演讲，在那里他的写作可以开始复苏。多年来，他一直在瑞士各地写作，无论是在多产的时候还是在徒劳的时候，最终都在与最终导致他死亡的健康问题作斗争。1926年，正是白血病夺走了他的生命。
The themes in Rilke’s writings are always discussed, dissected, and kaleidoscoped into various meanings. Rilke’s self-awareness is biting, and his ability to plant harmony so imperceptibly into his writing is uncanny. Psychoanalytic undertones and introspection both personal and grand punctuate his mastery. Rainer Maria Rilke was composed of his circumstances without being bound to them. His motto clearly delineates this ‘to work is to live without dying’. Through experience, he created and through his creation, he is immortalized.里尔克作品中的主题总是被讨论、剖析和千变万化地分解成各种意义。里尔克的自我意识是刺痛的，他在写作中潜移默化地植入和谐的能力是不可思议的。精神分析的底调和个人和宏大的反省都加强了他的掌握。雷纳·玛丽亚·里尔克对自己的境遇了如指掌。他的座右铭清楚地描述了“工作就是活而不死”。通过经验，他创造了，通过他的创造，他是不朽的。
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