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狄兰·托马斯诗9首

英国 星期一诗社 2024-01-10
狄兰·托马斯,人称“疯狂的狄兰”,英国作家、诗人,代表作《死亡与出场》、《不要温和地走进那个良夜》、《当我天生的五官都能看见》等。托马斯很早就表现出对于文学的特殊兴趣,中学的时候曾担任学校刊物的主编,并发表了一些诗作。1946年发表人生中最重要的一部诗集《死亡和出场》,评论界普遍认为他是继奥登以后英国的又一位重要诗人。1953年11月9日因连喝了18杯威士忌而暴毙,年仅三十九岁。
圣经、弗洛伊德、威尔士的风光和民俗,是他灵感的源泉。他以强烈的本能拥抱生命,在一种神秘的经验中将生与死、人与自然合为一体。因此他的诗中往往洋溢着一种神秘原始的力量,且超越文化的意义。尤其使人惊叹的是他那种天生把握语言的能力,斯蒂芬·斯本德曾称他为“着迷于词汇的诗人,一个语言天才。他的诗有一种古代行吟诗人的原始本质,同时在这种本质之上还有一种现代心理学的意识”。诗人过早地夭亡了,而他那点石成金的语言魔法,至今仍在吸引着、迷惑着人们。
狄兰·托马斯的诗歌围绕生、欲、死三大主题;诗风精犷而热烈,音韵充满活力而不失严谨;其肆意设置的密集意象相互撞击,相互制约,表现自然的生长力和人性的律动。狄兰·托马斯的诗歌掀开了英美诗歌史上的新的篇章。



On a Wedding Anniversary


The sky is torn across

This ragged anniversary of two

Who moved for three years in tune

Down the long walks of their vows.


Now their love lies a loss

And Love and his patients roar on a chain;

From every true or crater

Carrying cloud, Death strikes their house.


Too late in the wrong rain

They come together whom their love parted:

The windows pour into their heart

And the doors burn in their brain.




结婚周年纪念日 


天空被撕破

穿过俩人这褴褛的纪念日,

三年来他们和睦相处

携手走过誓约长长的小道。


此刻爱已丧失

爱神和他的病人在同一锁链下哀嚎;

从每个真理或火山口

死神挟来阴云,敲击他们的房门。


错误的雨中,一切太晚

他们相聚相会,爱却已分离:

窗户倾入他们的心扉

房门在大脑里燃烧。




On the Marriage of a Virgin


Waking alone in a multitude of loves when morning's light

Surprised in the opening of her nightlong eyes

His golden yesterday asleep upon the iris

And this day's sun leapt up the sky out of her thighs

Was miraculous virginity old as loaves and fishes,

Though the moment of a miracle is unending lightning

And the shipyards of Galilee's footprints hide a navy of doves.


No longer will the vibrations of the sun desire on

Her deepsea pillow where once she married alone,

Her heart all ears and eyes, lips catching the avalanche

Of the golden ghost who ringed with his streams her mercury bone,

Who under the lids of her windows hoisted his golden luggage,

For a man sleeps where fire leapt down and she learns through his arm

That other sun, the jealous coursing of the unrivalled blood.



处女新婚 


在情意绵绵的夜晚独自醒来,晨光

惊愕于她彻夜未眠的眼睛

他金色的昨日在虹膜上沉睡

今日的太阳从她的大腿跃上天空

无比神奇纯洁而古老,仿佛面包和游鱼,

虽然圣迹的瞬间只是无休止的闪电

留存足迹的加利利 船坞掩藏一大群鸽子。


太阳的震颤不再渴望她深海般的枕头

她在那里一度独自成婚,她的心,

她的耳朵,她的眼睛,她的双唇俘获他雪崩般

金色的灵魂,她水银般的身骨响彻他潺潺的溪流,

他从她那眼睑般的窗口扯起他金色的行李,

一团火焰跃过他的沉睡之地,她从他的怀抱中

懂得另一轮太阳,无敌的血液小心地奔流。




In my craft or sullen art


In my craft or sullen art

Exercised in the still night

When only the moon rages

And the lovers lie abed

With all their griefs in their arms,

I labour by singing light

Not for ambition or bread

Or the strut and trade of charms

On the ivory stages

But for the common wages

Of their most secret heart.


Not for the proud man apart

From the raging moon I write

On these spindrift pages

Nor for the towering dead

With their nightingales and psalms

But for the lovers, their arms

Round the griefs of the ages,

Who pay no praise or wages

Nor heed my craft or art.




我的手艺或沉寂的诗艺 


我的手艺或沉寂的诗艺

操演在宁静的夜晚

此时唯有月亮在发怒

恋人们躺在床上

满怀他们一身的忧伤,

我在灯光的吟唱下写作

不是为野心或面包

也不是为炫耀

或在象牙舞台上卖弄风骚

而是为他们内心最深处

极普通的回报。


除了愤怒的月亮

我不为自傲的人

铺开浪花四溅的纸笺

也不为高耸的死尸

伴随夜莺和诗篇而写作

而是为了恋人们

他们怀抱岁月的忧伤,

不赐予赞美或酬劳

也不留意我的手艺或诗艺。




Lie still, sleep becalmed


Lie still, sleep becalmed, sufferer with the wound

In the throat, burning and turning. All night afloat

On the silent sea we have heard the sound

That came from the wound wrapped in the salt sheet.


Under the mile off moon we trembled listening

To the sea sound flowing like blood from the loud wound

And when the salt sheet broke in a storm of singing

The voices of all the drowned swam on the wind.


Open a pathway through the slow sad sail,

Throw wide to the wind the gates of the wandering boat

For my voyage to begin to the end of my wound,

We heard the sea sound sing, we saw the salt sheet tell.

Lie still, sleep becalmed, hide the mouth in the throat,

Or we shall obey, and ride with you through the drowned.




静静地躺下,安然入睡 


静静地躺下,安然入睡,患者

喉咙里的伤口,火烧火燎。我们

整夜漂浮在寂静的大海,听到

一丝声响传自咸床单包扎的伤口。


我们站在数里外的月光下瑟瑟发抖,

倾听大海奔流,仿佛鲜血流自喧闹的伤口,

而当咸床单在风暴般的歌声里崩裂,

所有溺水者的呼救在风中向前游动。


缓慢而忧伤的航行打开一条通道,

我们迎着狂风敞开漂泊小船的大门,

我的航行始于伤口归于伤口,

我们听到大海的歌声,看到咸床单的倾诉。

静静地躺下,安然入睡,嘴藏进喉咙,

或我们屈从,与你同行,穿越溺水的阴魂。




Fern Hill


Now as I was young and easy under the apple boughs

About the lilting house and happy as the grass was green,

The night above the dingle starry,

Time let me hail and climb

Golden in the heydays of his eyes,

And honoured among wagons I was prince of the apple towns

And once below a time I lordly had the trees and leaves

Trail with daisies and barley

Down the rivers of the windfall light.


And as I was green and carefree, famous among the barns

About the happy yard and singing as the farm was home,

In the sun that is young once only,

Time let me play and be

Golden in the mercy of his means,

And green and golden I was huntsman and herdsman, the calves

Sang to my horn, the foxes on the hills barked clear and cold,

And the sabbath rang slowly

In the pebbles of the holy streams.


All the sun long it was running, it was lovely, the hay

Fields high as the house, the tunes from the chimneys, it was air

And playing, lovely and watery

And fire green as grass.

And nightly under the simple stars

As I rode to sleep the owls were bearing the farm away,

All the moon long I heard, blessed among stables, the nightjars

Flying with the ricks, and the horses

Flashing into the dark.


And then to awake, and the farm, like a wanderer white

With the dew, come back, the cock on his shoulder: it was all

Shining, it was Adam and maiden,

The sky gathered again

And the sun grew round that very day.

So it must have been after the birth of the simple light

In the first, spinning place, the spellbound horses walking warm

Out of the whinnying green stable

On to the fields of praise.


And honoured among foxes and pheasants by the gay house

Under the new made clouds and happy as the heart was long,

In the sun born over and over,

I ran my heedless ways,

My wishes raced through the house high hay

And nothing I cared, at my sky blue trades, that time allows

In all his tuneful turning so few and such morning songs

Before the children green and golden

Follow him out of grace,


Nothing I cared, in the lamb white days, that time would take me

Up to the swallow thronged loft by the shadow of my hand,

In the moon that is always rising,

Nor that riding to sleep

I should hear him fly with the high fields

And wake to the farm forever fled from the childless land.

Oh as I was young and easy in the mercy of his means,

Time held me green and dying

Though I sang in my chains like the sea.




羊齿山 


此刻我站在苹果树下,年轻又飘逸,

身旁的小屋活泼轻快,我幸福美好,绿草如茵,

幽谷上的夜空星光灿烂,

时光令我欢呼雀跃

眼中的盛世金碧辉煌,

我是苹果小镇的王子,马车迎送,无比的荣耀,

很久以后我像君王一样拥有森林和绿叶

沿途长满雏菊和大麦

河岸上微风吹拂洒落的阳光。


此刻我青春无忧,声名赫赫,四周谷仓座座,

幸福的庭院深深,我一路欢歌,仿佛农场就是家园

阳光也曾一度年轻,

时光让我嬉戏,

蒙受他的恩宠金光闪耀

我是猎手,我是牧人,年轻灿烂,牛犊们应着

我的号角歌唱,山岗上狐狸吠声清脆而苍凉,

圣溪的鹅卵石里

传来安息日缓缓的钟声。


明媚的阳光整天地泼洒,那么美丽可爱,

田间的干草高及屋脊,烟囱飘出美妙的旋律,

那是嬉戏的空气,动人又湿润,

而火焰青翠如绿草。

每到夜色降临,稀疏的星空下

我赶着回家入睡,猫头鹰驮着农场而去,

皎洁的月光整夜地赐福,我在马厩听到欧夜鹰

衔起干草飞翔,一匹匹马

光一样闪入黑夜。


随后农场醒来,像一位流浪者身披白露

再次回归,肩上立着雄鸡:阳光普照大地

那是亚当和夏娃,

天空再次聚拢

那一天的太阳浑圆无边。

所以肯定是质朴的光芒诞生之后

在最初旋转的地方,痴迷的马群温情地

走出低声嘶鸣的绿色马厩

奔驰在美好的原野。


快乐的小屋旁,我荣幸地置身于狐群和雉鸡旁

新近形成的云朵下,幸福欢畅,内心悠长,

太阳日复一日地诞生,

我狂放不羁,

我的祝愿穿越高及屋脊的干草,

在蓝天下劳作,无忧无虑,时光在和谐的

旋律里转动,竟诵唱如此寥寥几首晨歌,

随后散发青春活力的孩子

随他步出优雅,


我无所牵挂,在羔羊般洁白的日子里,时光

拉起我手的影子,在冉冉升起的月光下,

爬上栖满燕子的阁楼,

我并不一路奔波入眠,

我该听到他与高高的原野一起飞翔,

醒来发现农场永远逃离了没有孩子的土地。

哦,我蒙受他的恩宠,年轻又飘逸,

时光赐我青春与死亡

尽管我戴着镣铐依然像大海一样歌唱。




In Country Sleep


I

Never and never, my girl riding far and near

In the land of the hearthstone tales, and spelled asleep,

Fear or believe that the wolf in a sheepwhite hood

Loping and bleating roughly and blithely shall leap,

My dear, my dear,

Out of a lair in the flocked leaves in the dew dipped year

To eat your heart in the house in the rosy wood.


Sleep, good, for ever, slow and deep, spelled rare and wise,

My girl ranging the night in the rose and shire

Of the hobnail tales: no gooseherd or swine will turn

Into a homestall king or hamlet of fire

And prince of ice

To court the honeyed heart from your side before sunrise

In a spinney of ringed boys and ganders, spike and burn,


Nor the innocent lie in the rooting dingle wooed

And staved, and riven among plumes my rider weep.

From the broomed witch's spume you are shielded by fern

And flower of country sleep and the greenwood keep.

Lie fast and soothed,

Safe be and smooth from the bellows of the rushy brood.

Never, my girl, until tolled to sleep by the stern


Bell believe or fear that the rustic shade or spell

Shall harrow and snow the blood while you ride wide and near,

For who unmanningly haunts the mountain ravened eaves

Or skulks in the dell moon but moonshine echoing clear

From the starred well?

A hill touches an angel! Out of a saint's cell

The nightbird lauds through nunneries and domes of leaves


Her robin breasted tree, three Marys in the rays.

Sanctum sanctorum the animal eye of the wood

In the rain telling its beads, and the gravest ghost

The owl at its knelling. Fox and holt kneel before blood.

Now the tales praise

The star rise at pasture and nightlong the fables graze

On the lord's-table of the bowing grass. Fear most


For ever of all not the wolf in his baaing hood

Nor the tusked prince, in the ruttish farm, at the rind

And mire of love, but the Thief as meek as the dew.

The country is holy: O bide in that country kind,

Know the green good,

Under the prayer wheeling moon in the rosy wood

Be shielded by chant and flower and gay may you


Lie in grace. Sleep spelled at rest in the lowly house

In the squirrel nimble grove, under linen and thatch

And star: held and blessed, though you scour the high four

Winds, from the dousing shade and the roarer at the latch,

Cool in your vows.

Yet out of the beaked, web dark and the pouncing boughs

Be you sure the Thief will seek a way sly and sure


And sly as snow and meek as dew blown to the thorn,

This night and each vast night until the stern bell talks

In the tower and tolls to sleep over the stalls

Of the hearthstone tales my own, last love; and the soul walks

The waters shorn.

This night and each night since the falling star you were born,

Ever and ever he finds a way, as the snow falls,


As the rain falls, hail on the fleece, as the vale mist rides

Through the haygold stalls, as the dew falls on the wind

Milled dust of the apple tree and the pounded islands

Of the morning leaves, as the star falls, as the winged

Apple seed glides,

And falls, and flowers in the yawning wound at our sides,

As the world falls, silent as the cyclone of silence.

II

Night and the reindeer on the clouds above the haycocks

And the wings of the great roc ribboned for the fair!

The leaping saga of prayer! And high, there, on the hare

Heeled winds the rooks

Cawing from their black bethels soaring, the holy books

Of birds! Among the cocks like fire the red fox


Burning! Night and the vein of birds in the winged, sloe wrist

Of the wood! Pastoral beat of blood through the laced leaves!

The stream from the priest black wristed spinney and sleeves

Of thistling frost

Of the nightingale's din and tale! The upgiven ghost

Of the dingle torn to singing and the surpliced


Hill of cypresses! The din and tale in the skimmed

Yard of the buttermilk rain on the pail! The sermon

Of blood! The bird loud vein! The saga from mermen

To seraphim

Leaping! The gospel rooks! All tell, this night, of him

Who comes as red as the fox and sly as the heeled wind.


Illumination of music! The lulled black backed

Gull, on the wave with sand in its eyes! And the foal moves

Through the shaken greensward lake, silent, on moonshod hooves,

In the winds' wakes.

Music of elements, that a miracle makes!

Earth, air, water, fire, singing into the white act,


The haygold haired, my love asleep, and the rift blue

Eyed, in the haloed house, in her rareness and hilly

High riding, held and blessed and true, and so stilly

Lying the sky

Might cross its planets, the bell weep, night gather her eyes,

The Thief fall on the dead like the willy-nilly dew,


Only for the turning of the earth in her holy

Heart! Slyly, slowly, hearing the wound in her side go

Round the sun, he comes to my love like the designed snow,

And truly he

Flows to the strand of flowers like the dew's ruly sea,

And surely he sails like the ship shape clouds. Oh he


Comes designed to my love to steal not her tide raking

Wound, nor her riding high, nor her eyes, nor kindled hair,

But her faith that each vast night and the saga of prayer

He comes to take

Her faith that this last night for his unsacred sake

He comes to leave her in the lawless sun awaking


Naked and forsaken to grieve he will not come.

Ever and ever by all your vows believe and fear

My dear this night he comes and night without end my dear

Since you were born:

And you shall wake, from country sleep, this dawn and each first dawn,

Your faith as deathless as the outcry of the ruled sun.




梦中的乡村 


1

我那远近一路驰骋的女孩

流连于梦中拼读炉边童话的原野,

别害怕或别相信,裹着羊毛头巾的狼

跳着脚奔跑,粗哑地发出咩咩的叫声,

我的宝贝,我的心肝,

在露珠浸润的日子,欢快地跳出落叶满地的狼窝

窜入玫瑰林的房子吞食你的心肝。


睡吧,慢慢地酣然入睡,不要过于沉迷拼读,

我的女孩在夜晚漫游乡村童话里的玫瑰和州郡:

牧鹅人或猪绝不会变成农家院落里的国王

或火一般热烈的哈姆雷特

冰一样冷酷的王子,

蜂拥在灌木林的男孩和雄鹅,发狂而叮当作响

拂晓前,设法从你那儿获取那颗蜜糖般的心,


天真的谎言也不会在生根的幽谷求欢

与打孔,并在我骑手哭泣的羽毛间撕裂。

羊齿草一再替你挡开女巫扫泼的泡沫,

乡村的花朵入睡,翠绿的树林默然看护。

快快地躺下睡吧,

安然又宁静,滑离灯心草丛呼呼的风声。

我的女孩,除非丧钟鸣响,摇你入梦乡


钟声从不相信或害怕野外的影子或符咒

在你远近一路驰骋时,会耙犁或雪埋你的鲜血,

谁会幽灵般怯懦地出没寒鸦栖息的山崖?

除了月光在群星璀璨的井口清越地回响

谁会隐匿于月明的幽谷?

山岗触及天使!夜莺赞美的歌声飘自

圣人的小屋,穿越女修道院和落叶斑斓的屋顶,


知更鸟落在树梢,三圣母玛利亚在月光下闪现。

至高无上的至圣所,林中动物的眼睛

在雨中水珠般倾诉,最阴森的幽灵猫头鹰

发出不祥的哀鸣。狐狸和林地跪在血泊里。

此刻童话颂扬

星星在草场上空升起,彻夜地放牧寓言

在绿草摇曳的圣桌。永远不必害怕


裹着羊毛头巾咩咩叫的狼,也不必害怕

长着獠牙的王子,在春情荡漾的农庄陷入

爱情的泥潭,但是要警惕那露水般温顺的贼。

乡村多么神圣:哦,住在自然亲切的乡村里,

感奋绿野的美好,

玫瑰林中的月光在祈祷者的脚下飘荡,

愿歌声和鲜花庇护你,愿你快乐永远


欣然就寝。安然入睡在松鼠窜动的小树林,

低矮的小屋,亚麻、茅草、星光遮蔽着屋顶:

愿你尽享神的祝福,虽然你穿越的狂风

刮自四处潮湿的影子和咆哮的锁孔,

尽管誓言那么冷漠。

但是走出鸟嘴、蛛网的黑暗和摇动的树枝,

别忘记那贼正偷偷而执着地搜寻而来,


飞雪般隐秘,露珠般温顺地飘向荆棘,

就在今夜以及每一个辽阔的夜晚,直到丧钟

在塔楼里敲响,在炉边童话的马厩上空

送我自身最终的爱进入梦乡;灵魂走过

修剪一新的水面。

今夜以及你星星般降生后的每一个夜晚,

他不停地搜寻而来,犹如冬雪飘落,


雨点洒落,冰雹猛击羊群,犹如山谷里的迷雾

飘过干草般金黄的马厩,露珠飘落苹果树上

飞旋的尘土,飘落在晨叶击打的荒岛,

犹如星星陨落,犹如翻飞的苹果籽

轻轻地滑行

又飘落,鲜花般盛开在我们腰间开裂的伤口,

犹如世界沉落,犹如寂静的旋风无声无息。

2

夜晚,驯鹿在干草堆上空的云层腾挪

大鹏为仙女装上展翅的双翼!

祈祷的英雄传奇遍布四方!在那兔子般

跃动的狂风里

白嘴鸦随高翔的黑色教堂啼鸣,一本飞鸟的圣书!

红色的狐狸在火一样的雄鸟间


燃烧!夜晚,鸟在林中翻飞,血脉奔涌!

透过田间的翠花秀叶,血液不停地搏动!

小溪流自牧师黑手腕的灌木林,流自

夜莺喧闹的童话中

含霜蓟丛的袖管!幽谷的孤魂声嘶力竭地歌唱!

松柏丛生的小山斜披白色的法袍!


喧闹的童话涉掠的庭院里,奶汁

雨点般敲打着奶桶!血的布道!

血脉响亮的飞鸟!英雄传奇从人鱼

跃向六翼天使!

传播福音的白嘴鸦!今夜的一切都在诉说

他的降临,狐狸般猩红,尾风般隐秘而狡诈。


音乐的启示!宁静的黑脊海鸥

眼含沙砾飞翔于碧波之上!小马驹掠过

绿意颤栗的湖面,寂静的月光马蹄声碎,

清风令人警觉。

音乐的一切元素创造大自然的奇迹!

泥土、空气、流水和烈火诵唱白色的一幕,


我梦中的心肝宝贝,头发干草般金黄,双眸

透出一丝蔚蓝,室内光影浮动,她独自驰骋

在高高的山岗,纯真而尽享神的祝福,天空

静静地展卧,

也许划过行星,钟声哭泣,夜晚聚拢她的目光,

那个贼像露水般不容分说地降临死尸,


只为转动她神圣心灵中的世界!

他隐秘而狡诈,听到她腰间的伤口绕着太阳

而转动,慢慢地走向我的心肝,犹如谋划的冬雪,

他正走向鲜花

盛开的河岸,像露水流入秩序井然的大海,

他肯定要出航,犹如船形的云朵。哦,他正


谋划着靠近我的宝贝,不去偷取她的海潮去冲刷

伤口,也不去偷取她的驰骋,她的双眸,她点燃的秀发,

而是偷取她的信仰,每一个辽远的夜晚以及

祈祷者的传奇,

就在昨夜他带走她的信仰,为他并不神圣的目的,

在非法的阳光苏醒之际,他又将她遗弃,


让她独自赤裸着身,哀叹他的离去

无论你如何信誓旦旦,不管你是相信还是害怕,

我的心肝宝贝,今夜他正走来,自从你降临人世

夜晚永不停息:

你会从梦中的乡村醒来,在黎明以及每个最初的黎明,

你的信仰永生不灭,仿佛受制的太阳爆发的呐喊。




Over Sir John's Hill


Over Sir John's hill,

The hawk on fire hangs still;

In a hoisted cloud, at drop of dusk, he pulls to his claws

And gallows, up the rays of his eyes the small birds of the bay

And the shrill child's play

Wars

Of the sparrows and such who swansing, dusk, in wrangling hedges.

And blithely they squawk

To fiery tyburn over the wrestle of elms until

The flash the noosed hawk

Crashes, and slowly the fishing holy stalking heron

In the river Towy below bows his tilted headstone.


Flash, and the plumes crack,

And a black cap of jack

Daws Sir John's just hill dons, and again the gulled birds hare

To the hawk on fire, the halter height, over Towy's fins,

In a whack of wind.

There

Where the elegiac fisherbird stabs and paddles

In the pebbly dab-filled

Shallow and sedge, and 'dilly dilly,' calls the loft hawk,

'Come and be killed,'

I open the leaves of the water at a passage

Of psalms and shadows among the pincered sandcrabs prancing


And read, in a shell,

Death clear as a bouy's bell:

All praise of the hawk on fire in hawk-eyed dusk be sung,

When his viperish fuse hangs looped with flames under the brand

Wing, and blest shall

Young

Green chickens of the bay and bushes cluck, 'dilly dilly,

Come let us die.'

We grieve as the blithe birds, never again, leave shingle and elm,

The heron and I,

I young Aesop fabling to the near night by the dingle

Of eels, saint heron hymning in the shell-hung distant


Crystal harbour vale

Where the sea cobbles sail,

And wharves of water where the walls dance and the white cranes stilt.

It is the heron and I, under judging Sir John's elmed

Hill, tell-tale the knelled

Guilt

Of the led-astray birds whom God, for their breast of whistles,

Have mercy on,

God in his whirlwind silence save, who marks the sparrows hail,

For their souls' song.

Now the heron grieves in the weeded verge. Through windows

Of dusk and water I see the tilting whispering


Heron, mirrored, go,

As the snapt feathers snow,

Fishing in the tear of the Towy. Only a hoot owl

Hollows, a grassblade blown in cupped hands, in the looted elms

And no green cocks or hens

Shout

Now on Sir John's hill. The heron, ankling the scaly

Lowlands of the waves,

Makes all the music; and I who hear the tune of the slow,

Wear-willow river, grave,

Before the lunge of the night, the notes on this time-shaken

Stone for the sake of the souls of the slain birds sailing.




在约翰爵爷的山岗上 


在约翰爵爷的山岗上,

燃烧的雄鹰默默地盘旋;

云雾升腾,暮色降临,他伸展威慑的

利爪,锐利的目光触及港湾上飞翔的小鸟,

触及尖叫的孩子戏斗的

麻雀

以及那些在黄昏嘈杂的灌木篱上天鹅般哀鸣的飞禽。

它们咯咯地欢叫

跳上角斗的榆树林上火热的刑场

直到入套的雄鹰猛然

出击,山下托依河 里昂首阔步

悠然潜行的圣鹭垂首于倾斜的墓碑。


猛然一击,羽毛飞散,

约翰爵爷公正的山岗阁下

戴上一顶寒鸦的黑帽,受骗的鸟群再次快速飞向

燃烧的雄鹰,飞向高悬的刑架,一阵狂风掠过

托依河上闪亮的鱼鳍。

那儿

悲哀的鱼鹰入水觅食

踱步在卵石比目鱼密布的

浅滩和芦苇荡,“宝贝,宝贝”,空中的雄鹰呼唤,

“请过来受死”,

我打开水的页面,翻到圣歌

及其阴影的章节,周围的沙蟹伸展利螯欢快地爬动,


阅读,一枚贝壳里,

死亡浮标铃一样清晰:

在鹰眼的黄昏不断地诵唱,赞美燃烧的雄鹰,

在火红的翅翼下垂悬他恶毒的导火线,

赐福

港湾和灌木丛中咯咯欢叫的年幼无知的小鸡,

“宝贝,宝贝,请过来一起受死”。

我们感到悲哀,因为欢乐的鸟群从此离别石滩和榆树,

苍鹭和我,

我年轻的伊索 ,在鳗鱼的幽谷旁,面对临近的夜晚

讲述寓言,神圣的苍鹭颂唱在贝壳垂挂的远方,


在港湾般透明的幽谷

大海的卵石升起风帆,

在水域码头,岸墙跃动,白鹤亭亭玉立。

苍鹭和我,在法官约翰爵爷的榆树山下,

揭示迷途的

鸟群

犯下的罪孽,上帝因为它们唿哨的胸脯

宽恕它们,

听到麻雀的呼唤,因那灵魂之歌拯救它们,

上帝刮起的旋风一片宁静。

此刻悲哀的苍鹭立在杂草丛生的岸边。

透过黄昏和流水之窗,我看到俯身低语的苍鹭


映着河水,捕食

在托依河的泪水中,

而折断的羽毛雪花般飘舞。只有猫头鹰

哀鸣在劫后的榆树林,一片草叶吹入合拢的手心,

此刻约翰爵爷的山岗

不再有

幼稚的雄鸟或雌鸟在啼鸣。苍鸳,走在

波光粼粼的洼地,

奏出所有的乐音;我聆听岸柳相间的河水

缓缓流动的旋律,

在夜晚袭来之前,在这时光摇撼的石头上掩埋

那些音符,为了蒙难鸟群的灵魂安然出航。




In the White Giant's Thigh


Through throats where many rivers meet, the curlews cry,

Under the conceiving moon, on the high chalk hill,

And there this night I walk in the white giant's thigh

Where barren as boulders women lie longing still


To labour and love though they lay down long ago.


Through throats where many rivers meet, the women pray,

Pleading in the waded bay for the seed to flow

Though the names on their weed grown stones are rained away,


And alone in the night's eternal, curving act

They yearn with tongues of curlews for the unconceived

And immemorial sons of the cudgelling, hacked


Hill. Who once in gooseskin winter loved all ice leaved

In the courters' lanes, or twined in the ox roasting sun

In the wains tonned so high that the wisps of the hay

Clung to the pitching clouds, or gay with anyone

Young as they in the after milking moonlight lay


Under the lighted shapes of faith and their moonshade

Petticoats galed high, or shy with the rough riding boys,

Now clasp me to their grains in the gigantic glade,


Who once, green countries since, were a hedgerow of joys.


Time by, their dust was flesh the swineherd rooted sly,

Flared in the reek of the wiving sty with the rush

Light of his thighs, spreadeagle to the dunghill sky,


Or with their orchard man in the core of the sun's bush

Rough as cows' tongues and thrashed with brambles their buttermilk

Manes, under the quenchless summer barbed gold to the bone,


Or rippling soft in the spinney moon as the silk

And ducked and draked white lake that harps to a hail stone.


Who once were a bloom of wayside brides in the hawed house

And heard the lewd, wooed field flow to the coming frost,

The scurrying, furred small friars squeal, in the dowse

Of day, in the thistle aisles, till the white owl crossed


Their breast, the vaulting does roister, the horned bucks climb

Quick in the wood at love, where a torch of foxes foams,

All birds and beasts of the linked night uproar and chime


And the mole snout blunt under his pilgrimage of domes,


Or, butter fat goosegirls, bounced in a gambo bed,

Their breasts full of honey, under their gander king

Trounced by his wings in the hissing shippen, long dead

And gone that barley dark where their clogs danced in the spring,

And their firefly hairpins flew, and the ricks ran round—


(But nothing bore, no mouthing babe to the veined hives

Hugged, and barren and bare on Mother Goose's ground

They with the simple Jacks were a boulder of wives)—


Now curlew cry me down to kiss the mouths of their dust.


The dust of their kettles and clocks swings to and fro

Where the hay rides now or the bracken kitchens rust

As the arc of the billhooks that flashed the hedges low

And cut the birds' boughs that the minstrel sap ran red.

They from houses where the harvest kneels, hold me hard,

Who heard the tall bell sail down the Sundays of the dead

And the rain wring out its tongues on the faded yard,

Teach me the love that is evergreen after the fall leaved

Grave, after Beloved on the grass gulfed cross is scrubbed

Off by the sun and Daughters no longer grieved

Save by their long desires in the fox cubbed

Streets or hungering in the crumbled wood: to these

Hale dead and deathless do the women of the hill

Love forever meridian through the courters' trees


And the daughters of darkness flame like Fawkes fires still.




在白色巨人的大腿间 


透过众多河流汇集的咽喉,麻鹬鸣叫着,

在高高的白垩色山岗上,受孕的月光下,

今夜我行走在白色巨人的大腿间,

那卵石般贫瘠的女人们静静地躺着,


渴望生育渴望爱情,尽管她们躺下已久。


透过众多河流汇集的咽喉,女人们祈祷,

祈求种子漂进那蹚过的港湾,

尽管雨水已洗去杂草丛生的石块上的大名,


孤单地躺在无尽的夜晚,蜷缩着身子,

她们舔着麻鹬的舌头,渴望的儿子尚未怀上,

他们在远古的山岗,靠刀棍砍伐树林。


她们曾在鹅皮般的冬天,在求爱的小道

恋上所有的冰叶,或在烤肉般的阳光下,

在高高的马车上成双成对,车上满载的干草

触及垂落的云彩,或与哪位年轻人寻欢作乐,

躺在被点燃的信念之下,月光如流淌的乳汁,


月影下她们的衬裙被风高高地吹起,

或因一旁粗野的马夫羞红了脸,

此刻她们抱紧我,向着大片林间空地上的谷物,


那也曾是绿色原野上快乐的篱笆墙。


时光荏苒,她们的尘土是猪倌暗地扎根的血肉,

嫁在猪圈闻着臭味,却因他双腿冲刺的光芒

而燃烧,面对污秽的天空鹰翼般张开,


或是相伴果园里的情人,在阳光的杂树丛

狂暴如母牛狂舔,随荆棘的枝条颠摇奶酪般的

灵魂,夏日般不熄的热情如金钩直达肉骨,


或在月光下的小树林如丝般轻轻波动,

野鸭游弋的白色湖面因冰雹般的石子激起琴声阵阵。


她们曾是路边的新娘如花般盛开在山楂装点的新房,

听到淫荡的求爱园淹没在寒霜下,急匆匆的小修士

一身浓毛,在暮色苍苍、紫蓟丛生的走廊里

发出喜悦的尖叫,直到白色的猫头鹰掠过


她们的乳胸,穹顶下喧闹一片,长角的公羊爬上来,

飞快窜入做爱的树林,狐狸的火炬喷涌白沫,

连环的夜晚里,所有的飞禽走兽和睦地喧闹,


而鼹鼠的尖嘴笨拙地拱起对圆穹顶的朝圣,


或者,黄油般肥胖的牧鹅女,跃动在摇床,

双乳涨满蜂蜜,在嘶嘶作响的鹅棚里

承接雄鹅王翅翼不断的拍击,那片黑暗的

麦地早已消逝,春天里她们的木屐曾在那舞动,

她们萤火虫般的发夹飞落,干草垛跟着旋转——


(但什么都未孕育,没有婴儿紧抱血脉的蜂巢

吮吸,鹅妈妈赤裸的土地上荒凉贫瘠,

她们是质朴的杰克那卵石般的妻子)——


此刻麻鹬的哀鸣让我俯身亲吻她们尘土的嘴唇。


她们的水罐和时钟上的尘埃飘来荡去,

此刻干草漂浮,羊齿长满锈迹斑斑的厨房,

犹如钩镰的弧口,它们曾削低了篱笆,

切割鸟群的枝条,让游吟诗人口流红色的树液。

她们从丰收下跪的房室将我紧紧地拥抱,

听到响亮的钟声驶过死者的一个个礼拜天

雨水在颓败的院落里拧干自己的口舌,

她们告诉我爱情常青,即便树叶落满坟地,

阳光擦洗失落于草丛的十字基督,

女儿们不再悲伤,她们仍然会

在狐狸生养的大街滋生起欲望,

或在碎败的树林里饥肠辘辘:

山岗上的女人将穿过求爱者的树林,

永远疯狂地热恋那些健壮不灭的死者,


黑暗中的女儿像福克斯 的火药静静地燃烧。




Elegy


Too proud to die; broken and blind he died

The darkest way, and did not turn away,

A cold kind man brave in his narrow pride


On that darkest day. Oh, forever may

He lie lightly, at last, on the last, crossed

Hill, under the grass, in love, and there grow


Young among the long flocks, and never lie lost

Or still all the numberless days of his death, though

Above all he longed for his mother's breast


Which was rest and dust, and in the kind ground

The darkest justice of death, blind and unblessed.

Let him find no rest but be fathered and found,


I prayed in the crouching room, by his blind bed,

In the muted house, one minute before

Noon, and night, and light. The rivers of the dead


Veined his poor hand I held, and I saw

Through his unseeing eyes to the roots of the sea.

[An old tormented man three-quarters blind,


I am not too pround to cry that He and he

Will never never go out of my mind.

All his bones crying, and poor in all but pain,


Being innocent, he dreaded that he died

Hating his God, but what he was was plain:

An old kind man brave in his burning pride.


The sticks of the house were his; his books he owned.

Even as a baby he had never cried;

Nor did he now, save to his secret wound.


Out of his eyes I saw the last light glide.

Here among the light of the lording sky

An old blind man is with me where I go


Walking in the meadows of his son's eye

On whom a world of ills came down like snow.

He cried as he died, fearing at last the spheres'


Last sound, the world going out without a breath:

Too proud to cry, too frail to check the tears,

And caught between two nights, blindness and death.


O deepest wound of all that he should die

On that darkest day. Oh, he could hide

The tears out of his eyes, too proud to cry.


Until I die he will not leave my side.]




挽歌 


傲然不屑死去;失明而心碎地死去,

他走上最黑暗之路,不再回头,

一位勇敢而善良的人,冷峻而孤傲,


那一天最黑暗。哦,愿他从此躺下,

终于能轻松地躺下,最终穿越山岗,

在青草之下,永沐爱意,在那长长的


人群中勃发青春,决不迷失

或沉寂在那死亡无穷无尽的岁月,

尽管他依然渴望母亲的乳汁,


最终安息并化为尘土,仁慈的大地上

死亡那最黑暗的公正,盲目又不幸。

让他不屑安息,却被生养,重返人世,


在沉默的屋内,蜷缩的内室间,

在他失明的病榻边,我祈祷

在正午、夜晚和黎明前的那一刻。


死亡之河在我握住的可怜的手心流淌,

透过他看不见的眼睛,我看到大海之根。

(一个受苦的老人丧失了四分之三视力,


我没那么高傲,不会不屑于哭泣,

上帝和他将永驻我心。

他的骨头在哭泣,除了痛苦,缺乏一切,


他如此天真,害怕死时会

憎恨上帝,他清楚自己是什么样的人:

勇敢、善良、炽热孤傲的垂暮之人。


屋内的手杖是他的;书是他的珍藏。

自打出生起他就从不哭泣;

此刻他也不哭,除了自身的隐痛。


我看见最后一丝光芒滑过他的眼睛。

在这君临天下的光线之中

一位失明的老人随我走上


他儿子目所能及的草地,

不幸的世界像雪片一样降临。

他死去时哭了,最终害怕世上


最后的声音,世界消逝得无声无息:

傲然不屑哭泣,脆弱得无法控制泪水,

深陷于两个夜晚之间,失明与死亡。


哦,至深的痛,莫过于他将会死在

最黑暗的日子。哦,他的眼睛

竟然能藏得住眼泪,傲然不屑哭泣。


直到我死去,他都不会离开我的身旁。

海 岸 译




莱 蒙 托 夫

米·尤·莱蒙托夫是俄国继普希金之后又一位伟大的诗人,和普希金一样,他同时也是一位杰出的小说家和剧作家。他不但从十二月党人、普希金手中接过来反暴政、争自由的接力棒,而且和果戈理相似,充实了普希金为近代俄罗斯文学奠基的历史性系统工程。
莱蒙托夫的诗歌、小说和剧本在俄国的诗歌史、小说史和戏剧史上分别都占有重要的位置。除许多抒情诗和长诗外,长篇小说《当代英雄》和诗剧《假面舞会》,也都被纳入经典作品之列。

生平及抒情诗创作

米哈伊尔·尤里耶维奇·莱蒙托夫(Михаил Юрьевич Лермонтов,1814年10月3日生,1841年7月15日去世)生于莫斯科,父亲是尤里·彼得罗维奇·莱蒙托夫大尉,母亲叫玛丽娅·米哈伊洛夫娜·莱蒙托娃。次年,莱蒙托夫一家随外祖母伊丽莎白·阿尔谢尼耶娃(富商斯托雷平的长女)由莫斯科迁至奔萨省塔尔汗内村,他便在这里度过童年。1817年,年仅21岁的母亲因病去世,莱蒙托夫当时才两岁多。不久父亲被迫把儿子交给外祖母抚养后也离他而去。作为上流社会头面人物的外祖母,因丧夫不久又丧女,感到特别孤独,把小外孙视为掌上明珠,对他百般娇惯,为他创造优越的教育氛围。莱蒙托夫自幼身体孱弱,性格孤独内向,但对外祖母虐待农奴很反感,从小好学勤思。
1827年秋,莱蒙托夫随外祖母到莫斯科,进入莫斯科大学附设贵族寄宿中学,开始大量阅读文学名著,并开始创作活动。1830年秋,考入莫斯科大学伦理政治系,同学中有别林斯基、赫尔岑等人。入学第二年,因参予驱赶反动教授事件而被迫离开莫大。1832年考入彼得堡近卫军骑兵士官学校,两年后以骠骑兵团少尉的军衔驻守在皇村,过着上流社会的生活,同时仍继续自己的创作。
1837年因闻普希金不幸死去而写了《诗人之死》,道出了广大人民的心声,作品不胫而走,被广为传抄,从此誉满全俄,但不久便被捕入狱,随后被流放到高加索,途中结识了别林斯基和十二月党人奥陀耶夫斯基。由于自己的作品经常针砭时弊,莱蒙托夫在上流社会招来许多敌人。1840年,因决斗遭第二次流放,沙皇当局一直不怀好意,遣送他到与山民血战的前线,想从此让他销声匿迹,但他很勇敢,没有战死,反而在与可疑的花花公子马尔蒂诺夫的决斗中不幸殒命,死时还不满27周岁。
莱蒙托夫的抒情诗,和普希金的抒情诗一样,主题繁富、才情超群、语新意深、声律动人,但正如别林斯基所说,普希金的诗歌“充满了光明的希望和胜利的预感”,而莱蒙托夫的诗歌中“已经看不到希望,它们用来震撼读者心灵的是:虽然渴望生活,洋溢感情,但却惨淡凄凉,对生活和人类感情失掉信心……”  莱蒙托夫登上诗坛,正值十二月党人的起义惨遭镇压,沙皇尼古拉一世用新的更残暴的统治窒息着人们对自由的憧憬,不像普希金那样走上诗坛时人们还能沉湎于亚历山大一世的“自由主义”所编织的美梦,而且又刚刚经历了1812年卫国战争的胜利所激起的令人振奋的爱国主义热潮,莱蒙托夫的家庭和个人的境遇比普希金坎坷,加上气质比他沉郁,他便以比普希金更沉重的心情和更冷峻的目光看待一切,使得他的抒情诗带有以下两个明显的特征:
第一,由孤独、怀疑、求索、否定到抗争的系列主题
自幼受到十二月党人自由思想的熏陶和法国大革命影响的莱蒙托夫,长大成人后怎么也不能忍受因镇压十二月党人起义得逞而变本加厉的尼古拉一世的统治,言论自由的缺失迫使莱蒙托夫把满腔悲愤都倾注到自己的诗,特别是抒情诗中去。他的同时代人赫尔岑说:“我们被迫沉默,抑制住眼泪,我们深自韬晦,已经学会仔细思考自己的思想——这是怎样的思想呀!这已经不是启蒙性的自由主义观念了,——这是怀疑、否定、充满狂怒的思想。” 
以拜伦自比但深信揣的是一颗俄罗斯心灵而且有天才使命感的莱蒙托夫,他这个出身于家道中落的贵族家庭,在母亲死后又寄人篱下地生活在外祖母贵族庄园的人,自然备感孤独:“孤独中拖着今生的锁链,这多么使我们感到心寒。”(《孤独》,1830)
孤独感的产生首先源于尼古拉一世的黑暗王国滋生庸才和窒息天才的土壤:

相信吧,这里平庸就是人世的洪福。
何必要深奥的学问和对荣誉的追求,
何必要才华,又何必去酷爱自由,
既然我们无法将它们归自己享有。……
(《独白》,1829)

孤独感也源于诗人在家中的处境。他两岁时病魔夺去了他的母爱,接着贵族的外祖母又夺去了他的父爱(以继承庄园遗产为由迫使父子生离死别,使独子更成孤儿),孤独感还源于他在情场上的失意(少年时代单恋之苦,伊万诺娃对他变心之痛,与洛普欣娜有情而不能终成眷属之哀)。因此,他终生感到孤独,生活在一群鼠目寸光、浑浑噩噩,但对权贵奴性十足的同时代人中间,一种鹤立鸡群的孤独感在他心头发展到了无聊、无望又无奈的地步:

寂寞又忧愁,当痛苦袭上心头,
有谁可以和我分忧……
期望……总是空怀期望干什么?……
岁月正蹉跎,韶华付东流!

爱……爱谁?钟情一时何足求,
相爱不渝却又不能够……
反顾自己么?往事消逝无踪,
欢乐、痛苦,全不堪回首。

激情算什么?这种甜蜜的病症
会烟消云散,如理智开口,
只要你向周围冷冷地扫一眼,——
人生空虚、愚蠢真少有……
(《寂寞又忧愁》,1840)

莱蒙托夫虽自小在外祖母的精心培育下得到得天独厚的教育,但是他不但在孤独中忧伤,而且在怀疑中思索,因为他所感到的孤独是贵族社会一代先进青年的共同的孤独,他所感到的忧伤是这一代人为前程焦虑的共同的忧伤,孤独和忧伤促使人怀疑现实的合理性并苦苦思索如何走出困境。《沉思》在这方面展示出诗人忧国忧民的思索深度。他的这些诗句是用鲜血写成的;它们发自被凌辱的灵魂的深处!这是一个认为缺乏内心生活比最可怕的肉体死亡还要难受千万倍的人的哀号、呻吟……(别林斯基语)诗人并没有自外于同时代人,他用“我们这一代人”的口吻痛心疾首地哀其不幸和怒其不争:

我们的前途不是黯淡就是缥缈,
对人生求索而又不解有如重担,
定将压得人在碌碌无为中衰老。
……
真可耻,我们对善恶都无动于衷,
不抗争,初登人生舞台就败下阵来。
我们临危怯懦,实在令人羞愧,
在权势面前却是一群可鄙的奴才。
……
(《沉思》,1838)

孤独而无助,怀疑而茫然,求索而不解,这就是莱蒙托夫诗的琴弦上密布否定的音符的原因所在,最典型地表现在《人生的酒盏》(1831)这首用象征手法写的诗中:“我们紧闭着双眼,/饮啜人生的酒盏,/却用自己的泪水,/沾湿了它的金边……”
但同时,“在莱蒙托夫的诗里,已经开始响亮地传出一种在普希金的诗里几乎是听不到的调子——这种调子就是事业的热望,积极参与生活的热望……”  我们在听到孤独以至于孤傲的莱蒙托夫、怀疑以至于逆反的莱蒙托夫否定的音符的同时,不时还听到忧国忧民的莱蒙托夫、渴求行动的莱蒙托夫抗争的时代强音。早在他15岁时所写《一个土耳其人的哀怨》一诗中就指出:“有时也出现有头脑的人,/他们像巨石那样冷静而却又坚强。”在《预言》(1830)这首诗中,诗人大胆预言:“俄国的不祥之年必将到来,/那时沙皇的皇冠定会落地。”在《1831年6月11日》中,诗人说:“没有奋争,人生便寂寞难忍……我必须行动,真是满心希望/能使每个日子都不朽长存……”,而在《我要生活!我要悲哀……》(1832)中,把笑迎风暴的抗争视为人生的真谛所在:“没有风暴岂是诗人的生涯?/缺了风暴怎算澎湃的大海?”而在《诗人之死》(1837)中,他奋起无畏地捍卫俄罗斯伟大民族诗人普希金的尊严与价值:

你们这帮以卑鄙著称的
先人们不可一世的子孙,
把残存的遭受命运奚落的世族
用奴才的脚掌恣意蹂躏!
你们这群蜂拥在沙皇宝座两侧的人,
就是扼杀自由、天才、荣耀的刽子手!
你们藏身在法律的荫蔽下,
你们不许法庭和真理开口……
……
你们即使倾尽全身的污血,
也洗不净诗人正义的血痕!
(1837)

由莱蒙托夫添写上去的进一步抨击宫廷对普希金的继续中伤的这最后十六行,简直成了一篇革命的檄文,矛头直指沙皇尼古拉一世王朝的心脏。这首出自一个在皇村的近卫军骠骑兵团服役的骑兵少尉之手的《诗人之死》,既使原先默默无闻的作者一举成名,也使他立即被捕并两度连遭共达四年的高加索流放,直至死于与普希金一样的窒息天才的决斗。
在《诗人之死》中表现为极致的伴随孤独到抗争整个过程的对专制的“恨”,是与以《祖国》(1841)为最大宣泄口的对祖国的“爱”并行不悖的。对贵族先进阶层的爱、对文化传统的爱、对乡间百姓的爱、对大自然的爱,汇成了一股对祖国与众不同的“奇异的爱”:“我爱祖国,是一种奇异的爱!/连我的理智也无法把它战胜……”
这首诗对俄罗斯诗歌史上的祖国主题有了重大的突破,抒发了出身贵族的诗人对俄罗斯大自然和人民的深沉的爱,对人民的俄罗斯爱得愈深,对老爷的俄罗斯恨得愈切:“别了,藏垢纳污的俄罗斯,/奴仆的国度,老爷的王国……”
这就是抗争中有眷恋,眷恋中有抗争,所谓爱恨交并。
第二,孤独、漂泊的意象群
孤帆、行云、落叶、飞鸦、流星、囚徒、孤松、悬崖、恶魔……
莱蒙托夫不但以抨击暴政的公民诗见长,而且以意象丰美的“纯艺术诗”(别林斯基语)著称。深刻的思想和炽烈的情感在诗人的诗中物化为极具艺术魅力的意象,与诗人独特的主题系列相适应,在他的抒情诗中最引人注目的是孤帆、行云、落叶、飞鸦、流星、囚徒、孤松、悬崖、恶魔等组成的孤独、漂泊的意象群,举例说明如下:
《帆》(1832)是莱蒙托夫抒情诗的主要代表作之一,全诗三个诗节中的帆这个作为情景交融的产物的意象具有明显的动态性。雾海孤帆(孤独的帆)、怒海风帆(怀疑、求索的帆)和晴海怪帆(抗争的帆),综合地表现了孤独、怀疑、求索、抗争的主题链。
《云》(1840)中的主导意象是“永不停留的漂泊者”的“天上的行云”,这是因与法国公使的儿子巴兰特决斗招致第二次流放的诗人对自己身世的遐想与自我写照,情景相生,浑然一体,因热爱祖国而遭厄运的悲愤之情充满字里行间。
《叶》(1841)营造了受命运风暴驱赶,在严寒酷暑下长途漂泊而一直飘落到大海之滨的橡叶的意象,和漠然处之的悬铃树的意象一起鲜明地表现了身处逆境的诗人与周围世界的尖锐冲突。
《心愿》吟唱的是诗人所向往的那只正掠过他头顶的草原飞鸦,它能圆他所圆不了的梦:在天空翱翔,自由自在,抛却尘世的嚣杂。
《像夜空流星的一抹火焰……》(1832)用夜空流星的意象形象地表达了诗人对飘零者的生活的失望:“像夜空流星的一抹火焰,/在世上我已没有用/……”
《囚徒》(1837)一诗,不但是对莱蒙托夫个人悲惨遭遇的写实,也是人的个性受沙皇尼古拉一世专制统治禁锢的象征。
《在荒凉的北国有一棵青松……》(1841)塑造了一个象征莱蒙托夫一生处境的意象:“在荒凉的北国有一棵青松,/孤寂地兀立在光裸的峰顶……”暗示生活在“藏垢纳污的野蛮的俄国高洁的天才也有高处不胜寒的孤独之感”。
《悬崖》(1841)和《在荒凉的北国有一棵青松……》一样营造了自我表现抒情主人公的意象,不同的是本诗不是由意译海涅的抒情诗而得,而是独创地推出了一个在感情领域里坚强而自信的孤独者的意象。
《我独自一人出门启程……》(1841)是由孤独的主题升华为宁静的主题的杰作。孤独使诗人“溶化在宇宙的恬淡之中”。
《我的恶魔》(1831)比1829年所写《我的恶魔》进一步完善了恶魔的意象,完全脱去了对普希金的《恶魔》(1824)模仿的痕迹,而且与长诗《恶魔》的第二稿相互响应,恶魔是莱蒙托夫孤独、漂泊的意象群长链上的最后一环,也是长篇《恶魔》创作中最早的艺术积累:寓叛逆精神与自我中心于一身。

长诗《童僧》

莱蒙托夫一生除创作了450余首抒情诗(可分成青少年时期和成熟时期两个阶段)外,还创作了27部长诗(包括个别未完成的),诗人本人生前只发表过其中的三部:《沙皇伊凡·瓦西里耶维奇,年轻的近卫士和骁勇的商人卡拉希尼科夫之歌》、《坦波夫的司库夫人》(均为1838年发表)和《童僧》(1839)。
经过十年长诗创作实践,莱蒙托夫在俄国浪漫主义长诗领域里相继攀登了两座新的高峰,即贯穿了几乎全部创作生涯而写成的《恶魔》(1829—1839)和体现了自己“心爱的理想”(别林斯基语)的《童僧》(1839)。两部长诗都是总结性的,也都富有开创性。《恶魔》凝结了多部长诗,特别是《阿兹莱厄》、《死亡天使》的经验结晶,《童僧》含纳了多部长诗,尤其是《忏悔》、《大贵族奥尔沙》的艺术精华。两部长诗的这两个主人公都与莱蒙托夫本人性格的一个侧面相接近,两部长诗同样是茹可夫斯基、普希金的积极浪漫主义传统的继承与发展,两部长诗都堪称莱蒙托夫长诗的代表作。
《童僧》被誉为莱蒙托夫浪漫主义诗歌的“天鹅之歌”,如果从浪漫主义长诗体裁的典范性,从贴近生活的正面形象的塑造,从主人公激情的力度和从与主人公心理描写相对应的风景描写等来看,这样的论断是不无道理的。
《童僧》以一则真实的故事为基础,它塑造了一个被俄国将军俘获而力图挣脱所囚居的牢笼(也可理解为黑暗的尼古拉一世王朝的象征)的少年,即高加索山民之子的可感形象。对自由的渴望,对故乡的怀念和对大自然的眷恋像一团烈火烧灼着他幼小的心,锤炼出他那奋不顾身、自强不息的大无畏精神。他的逃跑虽以失败告终,但他心中争取自由的理想至死仍未泯灭,童僧的悲剧故事虽然早已成为历史的陈迹,但它向人们暗示:先进人物与腐朽势力之间的这一冲突并不会随时间的消逝而消失,具有永恒的价值。此外,童僧既然是高加索山民之子,他的悲剧是由沙皇派去讨伐的军队一手造成的,因此,与长诗《伊斯梅尔—贝》一样,具有贬斥俄罗斯帝国以强凌弱的思想倾向,与长诗《恶魔》一样,具有主题多元的性质(所不同的是它不含爱情主题)。
《童僧》具有以下几个艺术特色:
第一,童僧不仅与十二月党人雷列耶夫作品中为失去自由而极度苦闷的主人公纳利瓦伊科相似,而且和渴望行动、渴望斗争的莱蒙托夫本人很接近。童僧逃出而又被遣返修道院后对长老说:

你想知道我出去后的作为?
我有了生活,我的岁月,
若没有这三个幸福的昼夜,
会比你那老迈衰朽的残年
还更加冷清,还更为凄惨。
……

诗人的这种人生观可见于他的许多抒情诗,如《水流》(1830—1831):

我首先感到幸福,但是我
愿交出如此无聊的安宁,
来换取幸福或痛苦的
几个短短的一瞬。

第二,在写景抒情上达到罕见的高度。别林斯基曾称赞《童僧》的诗句有“金刚钻般的坚实及其光辉。他的诗意描写的惊人的准确和无穷无竭的华美”  。苏联学者葛里戈高利扬说,在《童僧》中“莱蒙托夫的抒情达到了他的顶峰”  。马克思说过:“对于自然的描写未必有哪一位作家能够超过莱蒙托夫,至少具有这种才华的人是寥寥无几的。”  莱蒙托夫最出色的对自然的描写,就包含在长诗《童僧》和长篇小说《当代英雄》中。《童僧》中描写高加索风景的精彩片断举不胜举,如第六章、第十章、第十一章都极具情景交融的艺术魅力。
第三,在声律上别具一格地声情并茂。屠格涅夫说过:“篇幅不大的长诗《初学修士》(童僧)是用八音步诗写成的,只用阳性韵,而且是对偶韵。这种形式以其单调赋予长诗以异乎寻常的力量,人们把它的节奏比作一个囚犯在他的囚室里两下两下地不断敲墙的动作。”  杜勃罗留波夫所说“普希金的美和莱蒙托夫的力量”,《童僧》可从声律的角度给予例证。




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