苏美尔史诗《恩美卡与阿拉塔之王》中写道,“Atthat time, the lord chosen by Inanna in her heart, chosen by Inanna in her holyheart from the bright mountain, Enmerkar, the son of Utu”,即“(太阳神)乌图的后裔-(乌鲁克的国王)恩美卡是伊南娜从心中选定的,是伊南娜在她神圣的心中从光耀的山中选定(恩美卡成为乌鲁克的国王)”。[29] 🔺 图5:青铜牌饰上的圆花饰 早王朝三期A段,公元前2550-2400年现藏于大英博物馆 苏美尔史诗《恩美卡与阿拉塔之王》中还写道,乌鲁克的国王恩美卡说“nam-lugal-gu10 nin-mul-mul-e ma-an-šúm”,即“光辉灿烂的女王(伊南娜),我的王权她授予”。[30]在苏美尔史诗《吉尔伽美什》中,伊南娜请求吉尔伽美什(图6)成为她的丈夫,这样当他进入他们的房屋,“(天下的)国王、国家和贵族都必须向你下跪致敬”(Kings, countries and nobles shall kneel before you)。[31] 🔺 图6:浮雕上的吉尔加美什 新亚述时期,公元前721-前705年现藏于巴黎卢浮宫 阿卡德帝国的第一位皇帝萨尔贡一世得到伊南娜女神的亲睐,取代当时的基什(Kish)国王乌尔扎巴巴(Urzababa)登上国王宝座。[32] 可见苏美尔时期的人们认为国王是伊南娜女神心选之人,王权是伊南娜女神授予的,只有获得伊南娜女神的亲睐,才能成为国王,而且国王的统治才能稳固。否则就要像吉尔伽美什那样遭受灾祸,伊南娜请求她的父亲安神降下天牛,祸害吉尔伽美什统治的乌鲁克。[33]因此,两河文明的国王都力图表示自己与伊南娜女神(图7)的亲密关系,力图表现自己的王权获得伊南娜女神的眷顾。这样的传统在两河流域,从苏美尔时期一直延续到新巴比伦时期,并体现在上述诸个时期的王权艺术中。 🔺 图7:滚印上的战争女神伊斯塔尔 古巴比伦时期,公元前1900-前1595年现藏于大英博物馆 其四,与伊南娜女神掌握众多王权统治必需的“梅”(me)有关。伊南娜女神从她父亲-水与智慧之神恩基(Enki)处获得了百余种“梅”(me)(也有学者翻译成“道”),其中就包括与王权统治有关的梅:“恩权”(nam-en,即王权)、“拉伽祭职”(nam-lagal)、“神性”(nam-dingir)、“大王冠”(aga-zid-mah)、“御座”(gišgu-za nam-lugal)、“大权”(gidru-mah)、“驭马缰”(éšgiri)、“牧羊杖”(šibir)、“王权”(nam-lugal)等。[34]因此,国王获得伊南娜女神的青睐和护佑,就是获得王权统治所需要的各种“梅”的护佑,王权才是神授的正统,国家才能繁荣和长治久安。
王权,护佑之花!
本文节选自作者文章:《两河文明圆花图案的源流、涵义与传播》
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