保尔·艾吕雅（1895—1952），法国现当代著名诗人，原名欧仁·艾米尔·保尔·格兰代尔。他出生于巴黎北部的圣·德尼，这是一个逐步现代化的工业城市，其父为会计师，母亲是个裁缝。父亲后来又到巴黎经营地产生意。1912年夏季，艾吕雅害重病，不得不中断即将结束的学业。在达沃的疗养院里，他阅读了大量的作品，井开始尝试文学创作。一次大战中他作为护士被征召上前线。1917年他发表第一部诗集《责任与焦虑》。战后通过让·波朗的介绍，艾昌雅结识了布勒东和阿拉贡。1924年，一场婚姻危机使得艾吕雅独自一人远走太平洋上的塔希提岛，六个月后他返回法国，全身心投入超现实主义运动，写出一批重要作品：《痛苦之都》（1926）、《生活的底层或人类金字塔》（1926）、《爱情与诗歌》（1929）等。艾吕雅与超现实主义运动中的画家们过从甚密，初期有马克斯·思斯特，后来又有毕加索。由于政治和艺术上的观点差异，艾吕雅与布勒东产生裂痕，到1938年终至分道扬镳，这期间他出版了《丰富的眼睛》（1936），《自由的手》（1937）、《自然之流》（1938）等诗集。诗人尽情地歌唱被征服的孤独，女性的导引作用以及一种广泛的兄弟般的友爱。二次大战期间，他积极参与抵抗运动，写了《诗与真》（1942，1943年增补重版）和《赴德国人的约会》（1944）等诗集。战后诗人出版了《没有中断的诗一集》（1946），还写了一些带有很强烈的政治倾向的诗，如《政治诗》（1948），《为所有人写的诗》（1948）。他的第二个妻子努淑的死给他打击极大，他为此几乎要自杀，只能从诗中来寻求安慰与平衡：《一堂道德课》（1919），《一切都可以说》（1951），《凤凰》（1951）。1952年11月18日，一场突发的心绞痛夺去了诗人的生命。1953年，艾吕雅的《没有中断的诗二集》出版，艾吕雅的诗不仅在形式上刻意创新，而且还贴近现实，不懈而深入地探究爱情与人生的意义，正是这一点，使他成为20世纪法国最优秀的诗人之一。
Poet Paul Éluard was born Eugène Grindel in 1895 in Saint-Denis, France. He was an only child, and his parents eventually moved to the 10th arrondissement in Paris, where he attended school. Éluard excelled at English and spent time in England as a teenager. He also began writing poetry. While convalescing from a serious illness in Switzerland, the young Éluard read symbolist and avant-garde poets such as Arthur Rimbaud, Charles Baudelaire, and Guillaume Apollinaire. He also began reading Russian authors Fyodor Dostoevsky and Leo Tolstoy at the insistence of Helene Dmitrievna Diakanova (known as Gala), the young Russian who would be his first wife. The strands of his youthful reading—symbol, experiment, and politics—would shape Éluard’s work.
Éluard joined the army during World War I, and his experience as a medic and an infantry member—including being gassed—had a profound influence on his worldview. His first book was published under the name Paul Éluard in 1917 and introduced him to the world of the Parisian avant-garde. A member of Dada, Éluard was also intimately involved in the birth of surrealism. He collaborated with Max Ernst, producing works such as Répétitions (1922). Éluard’s work from this time is known for its emphasis on linguistic and semantic dislocation; in his own poems, he was attempting to allow for visual and sensory perception of poetic meaning.
In 1924, Éluard published Mourir de ne pas mourir, a book that seemed to suggest it would be his final volume; he also lost the financial support of his father. He disappeared in March 1924 and was presumed dead. However, he had simply fled the implications of Gala’s affair with Ernst and was traveling the world. Éluard returned to France in 1924 and became one of the leading voices in the surrealist movement. He is widely considered the best of the surrealist poets, and his surrealist books include Capitale de la douleur (1926), La Rose publique (1934) and Les Yeux fertiles (1936). Éluard and Gala divorced in 1930, and four years later, he later married Maria Benz, known as Nusch. She would inspire some of Éluard’s most beautiful poetry.
The last half of Éluard’s life was marked by political commitments: he was galvanized by the Spanish Civil War and renewed his commitment to communism. By the late 1930s, he had abandoned surrealism altogether. During World War II, he wrote for the resistance and penned the first collection of poetry published in occupied France, Le Livre ouvert (1940, 1942). The British Royal Air Force dropped copies of his poem "Liberté" into Europe as part of its anti-Nazi propaganda campaign, and other poems were broadcast clandestinely on pro-Allies radio stations. After the war, Éluard became a cultural ambassador of sorts, traveling extensively in Europe. Nusch died in 1946, and Éluard married Dominique Laure in 1951, the same year he published his last book, Le Phénix (The Phoenix). He died in 1952.
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