涉外法律 | 欧盟UCTD保护框架之指示性不公平合同条款清单

闪涛律师团队 LEGAL EYE 看法见法 2024-01-09

关键词：区块链；人工智能；大数据；智能合约；涉外法律服务；专业律师

本期关键词：《不公平合同条款指令》；UCTD；欧盟；数字服务；网络消费；指示性不公平条款清单

本文约2673字，大约需要阅读5分钟。

上一篇文章我们简述了欧盟《不公平合同条款指令》（The Unfair Contract Terms Directive，UCTD）的保护框架，其中一项内容是UCTD规定并列举了可能被视为不公平的指示性和非详尽的条款清单。现将相应的条款及清单内容附下：

Article3

1. A contractual term which has not been individually negotiated shall be regarded as unfair if, contrary to the requirement of good faith, it causes a significant imbalance in the parties' rights and obligations arising under the contract, to the detriment of the consumer. 未经单独协商的合同条款，违反诚信要求，致使当事人在合同项下的权利义务发生重大失衡，损害消费者利益的，视为不公平。

2. A term shall always be regarded as not individually negotiated where it has been drafted in advance and the consumer has therefore not been able to influence the substance of the term, particularly in the context of a pre-formulated standard contract. 如果条款是事先起草的，因此消费者无法影响条款的实质内容，特别是在预先制定的标准合同的情况下，该条款应始终被视为未经单独协商。

The fact that certain aspects of a term or one specific term have been individually negotiated shall not exclude the application of this Article to the rest of a contract if an overall assessment of the contract indicates that it is nevertheless a pre-formulated standard contract. 如果对合同的总体评估表明该合同仍然是预先制定的标准合同，则条款的某些方面或特定条款已单独协商的事实不排除本条适用于合同的其余部分。

Where any seller or supplier claims that a standard term has been individually negotiated, the burden of proof in this respect shall be incumbent on him. 卖方或者供应商主张单独协商格式条款的，应当承担举证责任。

3. The Annex shall contain an indicative and non-exhaustive list of the terms which may be regarded as unfair. 附件包含可能被视为不公平的条款的指示性和非详尽清单。

ANNEX附件

TERMSREFERRED TO IN ARTICLE 3 (3)

第 3 条第(3) 款中提及的条款

1. Terms which have the object or effect of:

具有以下目的或效果的条款：

(a) excluding or limiting the legal liability of a seller or supplier in the event of the death of a consumer or personal injury to the latter resulting from an act or omission of that seller orsupplier; 如果因卖方或供应商的作为或不作为而导致消费者死亡或人身伤害，则排除或限制卖方或供应商的法律责任；

(b) inappropriately excluding or limiting the legal rights of the consumer vis-à-vis the seller or supplier or another party in the event of total or partial non-performance or inadequate performance by the seller or supplier of any of the contractual obligations, including the option of offsetting a debt owed to the seller or supplier against any claim which the consumer may have against him; 在卖方或供应商全部或部分不履行或不充分履行任何合同义务的情况下，不适当地排除或限制消费者对卖方或供应商或另一方的合法权利，包括针对消费者可能对其提出的任何索赔抵消欠卖方或供应商的债务的选择权；

(c) making an agreement binding on the consumer whereas provision of services by the seller or supplier is subject to a condition whose realization depends on his own will alone; 订立对消费者具有约束力的协议，而卖方或供应商提供服务的条件是其实现仅取决于自己的意愿；

(d) permitting the seller or supplier to retain sums paid by the consumer where the latter decides not to conclude or perform the contract, without providing for the consumer to receive compensation of an equivalent amount from the seller or supplier where the latter is the party cancelling the contract; 允许卖方或供应商在消费者决定不订立或不履行合同的情况下保留消费者支付的款项，但不规定消费者从卖方或供应商处获得同等金额的补偿（如果后者是解除合同的一方）;

(e) requiring any consumer who fails to fulfil his obligation to pay a disproportionately high sum in compensation; 要求任何未能履行其义务的消费者支付不成比例的高额赔偿金；

(f) authorizing the seller or supplier to dissolve the contract on a discretionary basis where the same facility is not granted to the consumer, or permitting the seller or supplier to retain the sums paid for services not yet supplied by him where it is the seller orsupplier himself who dissolves the contract; 授权卖方或供应商在未向消费者提供相同便利的情况下酌情解除合同，或允许卖方或供应商保留其尚未提供的服务所支付的款项（如果是卖方或供应商本人）谁解除合同；

(g) enabling the seller or supplier to terminate a contract of indeterminate duration without reasonable notice except where there are serious grounds for doing so; 使卖方或供应商能够在没有合理通知的情况下终止期限不确定的合同，除非有充分的理由这样做；

(h) automatically extending a contract of fixed duration where the consumer does not indicate otherwise, when the deadline fixed for the consumer to express this desire not to extend the contract is unreasonably early; 在消费者没有另行说明的情况下，自动延长固定期限的合同，当为消费者设定的表达不延长合同意愿的截止日期不合理地提前时；

(i) irrevocably binding the consumer to terms with which he had no real opportunity of becoming acquainted before the conclusion of the contract; 不可撤销地约束消费者在合同订立前无法真正了解的条款；

(j) enabling the seller or supplier to alter the terms of the contract unilaterally without a valid reason which is specified in the contract; 使卖方或供应商在没有合同规定的正当理由的情况下单方面更改合同条款；

(k) enabling the seller or supplier to alter unilaterally without a valid reason any characteristics of the product orservice to be provided; 使卖方或供应商能够在没有正当理由的情况下单方面更改所提供产品或服务的任何特征；

(l) providing for the price of goods to bedetermined at the time of delivery or allowing a seller of goods or supplier of services to increase their price without in both cases giving the consumer the corresponding right to cancel the contract if the final price is too high in relation to the price agreed when the contract was concluded; 规定在交货时确定货物价格，或允许货物卖方或服务供应商提高价格，但在这两种情况下，如果最终价格与订立合同时商定的价格相比过高，消费者无权取消合同；

(m) giving the seller or supplier the right to determine whether the goods or services supplied are in conformity with the contract, or giving him the exclusive right to interpret any term of the contract; 赋予卖方或供应商确定所提供的货物或服务是否符合合同的权利，或赋予其对合同任何条款的专有解释权；

(n) limiting the seller's or supplier's obligation to respect commitments undertaken by his agents or making his commitments subject to compliance with a particular formality; 限制卖方或供应商遵守其代理人所作承诺的义务，或使其承诺须遵守特定手续；

(o) obliging the consumer to fulfil all his obligations where the seller or supplier does not perform his; 在卖方或供应商不履行义务的情况下，要求消费者履行其所有义务；

(p) giving the seller or supplier the possibility of transferring his rights and obligations under the contract, where this may serve to reduce the guarantees for the consumer, without the latter's agreement; 给予卖方或供应商转让其在本合同下的权利和义务的可能性，这可能会减少对消费者的担保，而无需后者的同意；

(q) excluding or hindering the consumer's right to take legal action or exercise any other legal remedy, particularly by requiring the consumer to take disputes exclusively to arbitration not covered by legal provisions, unduly restricting the evidence available to him or imposing on him a burden of proof which, according to the applicable law, should lie with another party to the contract. 排除或阻碍消费者采取法律行动或行使任何其他法律补救措施的权利，特别是要求消费者将争议提交法律规定未涵盖的专门仲裁，过度限制其可获得的证据或强加其举证责任，根据适用的法律，举证责任应由合同另一方承担。

2. Scope of subparagraphs (g), (j) and (l)

第(g)、(j) 和 (l) 项的范围

(a) Subparagraph (g) is without hindrance to terms by which a supplier of financial services reserves the right to terminate unilaterally a contract of indeterminate duration without notice where there is a valid reason, provided that the supplier is required to inform the other contracting party or parties thereof immediately. 第(g)项不妨碍金融服务供应商保留在有正当理由的情况下单方面终止期限不确定的合同的权利，但前提是供应商必须立即通知另一方或多方。

(b) Subparagraph (j) is without hindrance to terms under which a supplier of financial services reserves the right to alterthe rate of interest payable by the consumer or due to the latter, or theamount of other charges for financial services without notice where there is avalid reason, provided that the supplier is required to inform the othercontracting party or parties thereof at the earliest opportunity and that thelatter are free to dissolve the contract immediately. 第(j)项不妨碍金融服务供应商保留在不通知的情况下，更改消费者应付或应付利息的利率，或更改金融服务的其他收费金额的权利，但供应商须尽早通知另一缔约方，另一缔约方可立即解除合同。

Subparagraph(j) is also without hindrance to terms under which a seller or supplier reserves the right to alter unilaterally the conditions of a contract of indeterminate duration, provided that he is required to inform the consumer with reasonable notice and that the consumer is free to dissolve the contract. 第(j) 项也不妨碍卖方或供应商保留单方面更改无限期合同条件的权利的条款，前提是他必须以合理的方式通知消费者并且消费者可以自由解除合同。

(g)、(j) 和 (l) 项不适用于：

—transactions in transferable securities, financial instrumentsand other products or services where the price is linked to fluctuations in astock exchange quotation or index or a financial market rate that the seller orsupplier does not control; 可转让证券、金融工具和其他产品或服务的价格与证券交易所报价或指数或卖方或供应商无法控制的金融市场汇率的波动相关的交易；

—contracts for the purchase or sale of foreign currency,traveller's cheques or international money orders denominated in foreigncurrency; 以外币计价的外币、旅行支票或国际汇票的买卖合同；

(d) Subparagraph (l) is without hindrance toprice-indexation clauses, where lawful, provided that the method by whichprices vary is explicitly described. 第 (l) 款不受价格指数化条款的限制，在合法的情况下，只要明确说明价格变化的方法。

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关键词：区块链；人工智能；大数据；智能合约；涉外法

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闪涛律师团队专注于提供涉外法律服务、“一带一路”海外投资、跨境争议解决、金融、证券、私募、区块链、人工智能、智能合约、大数据、合规等领域。

闪涛律师，广东广信君达律师事务所高级合伙人，广东外语外贸大学法学院教授、硕士研究生导师，中南财经政法大学博士研究生。

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闪涛律师是中华全国律师协会涉外法律事务领军人才库人选，司法部“全国千名涉外律师人才名录”，司法部、全国律师协会“一带一路”跨境律师人才库首批成员，司法部、全国律师协会“一带一路”项目沙特阿拉伯国别协调人，广东省涉外律师领军人才库成员。

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