每周分子 | Molecule of the Week
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每周分子:二甲基汞
Molecule of the Week:
Dimethylmercury
二甲基汞(Me2Hg)是人造或天然的最令人讨厌的化学物质之一。早在1858年就为人所知,当时的英国化学及昆虫学家George B. Buckton在使用甲基和乙基汞化合物进行实验时,将其分离出来。1899年,法国著名化学家Marcellin Berthelot发现Me2Hg在放电条件下,能够吸收氮气。
在1969年的一项环境研究中,瑞典研究人员S. Jensen和A. Jernelöv发现,Me2Hg及其降解产物甲基汞阳离子1(MeHg+) 存在于汞污染水体的沉积物及腐败的鱼体中。1966年之前,MeHg+在瑞典一直被用作杀虫剂,并导致污染。
由于缺乏测量方法,对海洋中Me2Hg分布情况的了解一直很有限。为致力于解决该难题,在2022年,康涅狄格大学(格罗顿)和加州大学圣克鲁斯分校的Robert P. Mason及合作者们开发了一种高分辨率自动分析仪,用于测量表层海水中的Me2Hg和其他挥发性含汞分子。
1971年,斯德哥尔摩大学的两位瑞典科学家Leif Bertilsson和Halina Y. Neujahr揭示了甲基汞化合物在自然界中形成的另一种方式。他们发现,甲基钴胺2 (维生素B12类似物)与人体及动物体内的汞离子发生反应,会产生致命的毒素。
1997年,化学新星Karen Wetterhahn在达特茅斯学院(新罕布什尔州,汉诺威)不幸去世,让人们意识到Me2Hg的致命性。在研究重金属毒性时,Wetterhahn的橡胶手套接触了少量Me2Hg,随后发现该化学品可以渗透过手套。随着中毒症状的出现,她在接触后不到一年就离世了。2022年,在她逝世25周年之际,Sam Lemonick撰文记录了Wetterhahn的生平及其对化学的贡献。
Me2Hg曾一度被用作有机合成中的甲基化剂;但因其毒性,它已被更安全的试剂所取代,例如,二甲基锌、三甲基铝、甲基卤化镁(格氏试剂)等试剂。
1. CAS 登记号:22967-92-6
2. CAS 登记号:13422-55-4
二甲基汞信息速览
二甲基汞危害信息
【关于每周分子】
自2001年以来,“每周分子”已成为广受欢迎的栏目。多数分子由读者推荐。每个结构都经由科学家审查,并以3-D和平面图像的形式显示,同时附有该分子简介。可以通过美国化学文摘社 (CAS) 提供的CAS SciFindern中的CAS REGISTRY获取“每周分子”的更多信息。CAS REGISTRY中的每条物质信息都展示了物质的CAS登记号、索引名、通用名、商品名、书目信息等其他更多信息。发送邮件至motw@acs.org推荐您感兴趣的分子吧。
Dimethylmercury (Me2Hg) is one of the nastiest chemicals made by humans or found in nature. It was known as long ago as 1858, when English chemist/entomologist George B. Buckton isolated it during experiments with methyl- and ethylmercury compounds. It reappeared in the literature in 1899, when prominent French chemist Marcellin Berthelot found that under electrical discharge Me2Hg absorbs nitrogen gas.
In an early discovery of Me2Hg in the environment, Swedish researchers S. Jensen and A. Jernelöv reported in 1969 that it and its cationic degradation product, methylmercury1 (MeHg+), are produced in bottom sediments and rotten fish in mercury-contaminated waters. It didn’t help matters that MeHg+ had been used as a pesticide in Sweden until 1966 and contributed to the pollution.
Knowledge of the distribution of Me2Hg in oceans has been limited because of a lack of measurement methods. In a 2022 effort to combat this problem, Robert P. Mason and collaborators at the University of Connecticut (Groton) and the University of California, Santa Cruz, developed an automatic analyzer for the high-resolution measurement of Me2Hg and other volatile mercury molecules in surface ocean waters.
In 1971, two other Swedish scientists, Leif Bertilsson and Halina Y. Neujahr* at the University of Stockholm, demonstrated another way that methylmercury compounds are formed in nature. They showed that methylcobalamin2, a form of vitamin B12, reacts with mercury(II) ion in human and animal bodies to produce the deadly toxins.
The tragic death in 1997 of rising chemistry star Karen Wetterhahn at Dartmouth College (Hanover, NH) drove home the lethality of Me2Hg. While studying heavy-metal toxicity, Wetterhahn got a small amount of Me2Hg on her rubber gloves, which were later found to be permeable to the compound. She began to experience toxicity symptoms, and, less than a year after the exposure, she died. In 2022, the 25th anniversary of her death, Sam Lemonick wrote an account of Wetterhahn’s life and contributions to chemistry.
At one time, Me2Hg was used as a methylating agent in organic synthesis; but because of its toxicity, it has been replaced by safer reagents such as dimethylzinc, trimethylaluminum, and methylmagnesium halides (Grignard reagents).
1. CAS Reg. No. 22967-92-6
2. CAS Reg. No. 13422-55-4
Dimethylmercuryfast facts
Dimethylmercuryhazard information
About Molecule of the Week
MOTW has been a popular feature on ACS website since 2001. Many molecules are suggested by our website visitors. Every structure is reviewed by a scientist and displayed in 3-D and flat images with a brief description. Each week’s molecule also links to a sample record from the CAS REGISTRY, which is searched using CAS SciFindern. Each record displays the registry number, index name and synonyms, bibliographic information, and more. Send us a molecule suggestion at motw@acs.org.
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