Ga姐珍藏的学术文章升级动词用法！50个例句讲给你！|Ga姐带你看英伦
读万卷书，行万里路。国才君特邀在英国读博的Ga姐，以独特视角观察英国，记录文化趣事。英伦精彩，尽在专栏【Ga姐带你看英伦】！
专栏新增惊喜红包活动，感谢一直喜欢国才、喜欢Ga姐的粉丝们。一定要读到最后哦！
这两天Ga姐算了算，读博一年半以来，写过的课程论文（unit essay）有6篇，每篇4000字；目前在修改的开题报告（progression report）几个版本也改了至少2万字，再加上其他各种摘要（abstract）、申请（application）、总结（report）等等，的确码了一些字了。
码字的过程中，因为英语非母语，又没有接受过英语专业的训练，所以经常纠结于语言的使用，尤其在阅读各种论文的时候能明显感受到国外作者文章中语言的多样性和复杂性。平时在阅读的时候，就会随手将一些不错的学术英语词汇或表达记录下来，以期能够学以致用。
这篇就跟大家分享一小波学术英语动词，希望大家也可以在写作中用得到。以下例句除个别特别说明为日常生活例句外，都来自Ga姐研究领域的学术文章。
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表示强调或重视：highlight, stress, underscore, emphasize
☆ It underscores the teacher’s dual (and often fuzzy) role as both teacher and assessor of curriculum attainment…
☆ These terms highlighted the dichotomy in teachers’ perceptions about assessment.
☆ …business negotiation manuals always stress the importance of eye contact in establishing solidarity.
☆ Popham (2004) emphasizes the significance of assessment literacy by stating its ignorance as a professional suicide for teachers.
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表示忽视：overlook, neglect, ignore
☆ Training on how to reliably and validly select, administer, and interpret tests is often overlooked in pre-service requirements (Boyles, 2005; Malone, 2008).
☆ …language teachers often neglect the teaching of writing in their classrooms…
☆ However, the crucial link between curricula and examinations is often ignored, forgotten or neglected.
3
当我们在铺垫了一些背景或阐述了一些证据，要下某个结论或表达某个观点的时候，可以用suffice it to say that…或者suffice to say that…，放在句首，意思是后面要说的话是很明显的了。
☆ Suffice it to say that in relation to the demands of standardized assessment, there are at least three broad perspectives and arguments…
suffice本身是足够的意思。
☆ A few after-school workshops won't suffice.
4
表达某个事实或观点跟别的事实或观点相同或呼应：resonate，echo
resonate 有习惯搭配resonate with someone/something，echo后面就直接接人或观点。
☆ This finding resonated with Taylor’s (2013) suggestion that classroom teachers usually prefer practical skills in test/examination paper construction over scientific measurement theories.
☆ Echoing Stansfield, we can only hope for continued struggles by socially responsible language testers to blunt the damage inflicted by the formidable tools that we have created.
☆ This echoes points made by Crusan et al. (2016) that teachers feel assessment is a top-down imposition.
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什么东西让事情恶化了、更严重了：exacerbate
☆ The problem is exacerbated by the external pressures for accountability in student learning and achievement as well as other practical constraints at school…
☆ …this is exacerbated by a general lack of understanding about the imprecision or error inherent in any measurement
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缓解某个问题或处境：mitigate
☆ Technology-mediated professional development approaches can mitigate both financial and logistical challenges that preclude access to professional development opportunities and can thus supplement conventional face-to-face training…
mitigate还可以用来指缓解疼痛、风险、损失等等。
☆ mitigate the pain
☆ mitigate global warming
☆ mitigate risks
☆ mitigate the negative effects
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明确指出，给某个问题定位：pinpoint
☆ The second chapter pinpoints that the approach to developing a test can be either task based or construct centered, emphasizing a consideration of both Target Language Use domains and construct definition.
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努力实现什么目标或解决什么问题: endeavor to do
☆ Researchers should endeavor to provide sufficient information about all aspects of the research that might reasonably be expected to affect informants’ willingness…
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某个事实或观点为这个事情提供了一些参考、启发或依据：shed light on/upon sth.
☆ This has shed some light upon a possible pattern that defines a very kernel aspect of novice teachers’ classroom assessment literacy development, and should
☆ More research is needed to shed light on teachers’ identities as assessors.
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表达某个东西可以产生一些好的影响或参考：inform
☆ The committee developed the Standards to inform in-service and preservice assessment education, and provide a basis for teacher program certification
informative，形容提供了很多的有用信息。
☆ 我们去听讲座会说：Thank you for the informative speech.
☆ 平时也经常会说：something is very informative…
☆ The methods will also allow for a more complete, informative picture of the expanded research construct on LAL…
11
表示某个现状或事实是公认的: acknowledge
☆ It has long been acknowledged that assessment is an integral part of the teaching—learning process
☆ It is widely acknowledged that the English testing system (as well as English teaching and learning) needs to be further enhanced in terms of its quality
或者用witness
☆ The last decade has witnessed a burgeoning number of studies that investigate what AL/LAL is, how it is conceptually defined, how it can be learned, and in what ways it can be productively developed as a stand-alone knowledge base.
* A burgeoning number of sth. 不断增长的……
burgeoning指不断增长的，比increasing情绪上感觉更快
acknowledge 用于某个人，就是某人承认、认可某个信息
☆ She acknowledges that the two terms are often used interchangeably by experts…
12
表示仔细检查、审视某个问题或某个东西：scrutinize
☆ I scrutinized the teachers’ answers on both instruments and identified patterns across questions, across instruments, and across teachers.
☆ The proposed model helps them to scrutinize their professional identity as assessors within classroom and/or school system contexts
13
尝试发掘新的内容、更深层次内容：delve into
☆ The chapter delves into classifications, formats, and selection of test tasks…
☆ What I have not delved into is who decides which concepts and procedures ought to go into assessment literacy’s “must be understood” backpack?
14
阐述事物的归因：attribute to
☆ Teachers’ insufficient command of assessment knowledge is often attributed to the fact that…
☆ The researchers attributed this increase in assessment competence to the performance-based nature of the course.
15
包含或涉及哪些不同的东西：encompass
☆ Assessment literacy is usually broadly defined, encompassing both assessment knowledge and skills related to teacher practice…
☆ This term encompasses any strategies which teachers use to help students perform better in tests.
16
要详细解释、阐释某个东西：elucidate
☆ Popham has attempted to elucidate what teachers need to understand about assessment in general and writing assessment in particular.
☆ Observations can help to elucidate what happens in contexts where pre- and in-service teachers are being educated in LAL.
日常中这个词用起来也是非常高大上的。比如你可以对别人说：
☆ You’ve not understood me. Allow me to elucidate.
☆ Could you elucidate the reasons for your decision?
16
英国对论文引用的要求非常严格，一篇essay里面每一个观点都需要有引用，用了别人的观点而不注明引用就是plagiarism （抄袭）。这就涉及论文中经常要列出各种学者说了什么、提了什么观点，然后辩证地去分析它们。学者们的“说”这个动词，实际用起来有很多很多，常见的比如：somebody says，points out，finds，argues，discovers，believes，confirms，concludes，这里再单独列举几个可能用得到的：
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1
1
contend：跟argue类似，相对强势，辩称
claim：类似，声称
☆ Lee (2007) and Weigle (2007) contend that assessment should be integrated into instruction so as to maximize student learning.
☆ Stoynoff (2012) claims that “survey results need to be complemented with other empirical evidence of the effect of teacher characteristics on assessment practices” (p. 531).
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urge：督促，竭力主张，强调情况紧急、迫切需要做
advocate：提倡
☆ Scarino (2013) urges teachers to develop language assessment literacy (LAL) that enables them to explore and evaluate their own preconceptions…
☆ Popham (2009) also advocates for the inclusion of assessment-related content in teacher development programs.
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1
propose, suggest, recommend：建议
☆ we propose a dynamic and interactive teacher assessment identity constituted by beliefs, feelings, knowledge and skills.
☆ Taylor suggested that it was important to think about LAL in terms of profiles, which would map-out specific levels of knowledge required across LAL dimensions for different stakeholder groups.
☆ Chase (1999) recommends a slightly broader range for effective item difficulties—from .20 to .85
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explain, illustrate, articulate：解释，阐述
explain强调解释的意味；illustrate强调用例子、故事、图表等说明；articulate强调清楚地表达出来。
☆ Grant (2000) explained that professional learning is about embracing “the image of the nature of teacher learning as professional, as personal, and as collaborative” (p. 253).
☆ Lynch and Shaw (2005) illustrate some of these issues by framing their discussion on the use of the portfolio within an assessment paradigm that is based on different suppositions than those which typify traditional testing cultures.
☆ Earl (2003) articulated a third purpose of assessment, assessment as learning, which focuses on using assessments to support the development of students’ metacognition and self-regulation abilities.
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postulate：假设
☆ Crusan et al. (2016) postulated that participants’ diverse contexts are an influencing factor in shaping their beliefs and practices.
大家可以拿出最近写过的一篇英语作文，尝试着看看哪些词汇可以进行替换，提高文章的效果或者更好地表达自己的情绪和观点。在家里宅着的时候，积累下来的学术英语词汇就用起来吧！
红包活动：小问答
今天的学术文章升级动词用法你学会了吗？【Ga姐带你看英伦】中还有很多介绍地道英语沟通方法的文章，你看过了吗？
下面，请根据《日常沟通邮件到底怎么写？16封英国邮件实力教学！》中的内容回答问题！
请问如果你在邮件中是被抄送的那个，怎样用英语表达呢？
问题是不是很简单？快把你的答案写在评论区吧！国才君将抽取第10、15、20、25、30名答对的同学，获得6.6元红包奖励！
答案与本期获奖名单将在下周【Ga姐带你看英伦】中揭晓，敬请期待！
专栏作者：Ga姐
英国布里斯托大学教育学博士在读。
研究兴趣：
语言测试与评价。
个人兴趣：
一切跟文化有关的东西。
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