美文选刊｜城市交通的可持续发展

How are the cities of today being shaped by a need for more sustainable transport?

可持续交通需求如何影响着城市发展？

Sustainable Transport in Cities

城市交通的可持续发展

文/蒂姆·普莱斯  译/江倩  审订/仲文明

By Tim Pryce

Transport has always shaped cities. In Medieval times crossroads gave birth to thriving market towns. Venice was built up around its canals. Industrial Britain’s development followed the route of railways and waterways. Many North American cities were created for the car. But how are the cities of today being shaped by a need for more sustainable transport? 

交通一直都影响着城市的发展。中世纪时期有十字路口的地方出现了集镇，并日趋繁荣；威尼斯建在纵横交错的运河之上；英国的工业化在铁路和水道沿线展开。北美的许多城市是为汽车的运行而建造的。那么，今天的城市如何适应更加可持续的交通发展需求呢？

Cities are now home to over half of the global population, and have a large role to play in reducing carbon emissions and improving air quality. This will need new technologies and new ways of organising cities, alongside efficiency gains.

如今，城市容纳了全球超过半数的人口，在减少碳排放和提高空气质量方面发挥着举足轻重的作用。这就要求我们在提高效率的同时，采用新技术，寻找城市规划管理的新方法。

Many local governments are accelerating change through policy initiatives such as integrated transport, congestion charges and low emission zones[1], sustainable procurement[2] and lifecycle costing[3], and opening data up to companies and academics. And these city level policies can move markets in more sustainable directions. For example, London is requiring all newly licensed taxis to be zero-emission capable from 2018. This has resulted in five vehicle manufacturers committing to meeting that deadline, which is both in their own commercial interests and good for the environment.

许多地方政府正在制定新政策加快转变步伐，如打造综合交通系统、征收拥堵费、规划低排放区、进行可持续的采购和产品生命周期成本核算，向企业和专家学者开放数据等。这些市政措施可以推动市场朝着更加可持续的方向发展。例如，自2018年起，伦敦新上牌的出租车必须实现零排放，因而五家汽车制造商都力争在截止日期前达到要求，这不仅符合其商业利益，也对环境有益。

[1] low emission zone低排放区，指为促进区域空气质量改善，针对机动车等交通工具专门设定污染物排放限值的燃料限制区。  

[2] sustainable procurement可持续采购，指采购行为在实现“物有所值”基本经济功能的同时，充分发挥推进可持续发展的政策功能作用。  

[3] lifecycle costing生命周期成本核算。生命周期成本（lifecycle cost）指在产品经济有效使用期间所发生的与该产品有关的所有成本，包括开发（计划、设计和测试）、生产（加工作业）以及后勤支持（广告、销售和保证等）。  

There are three main ways cities can innovate to make transport more sustainable without increasing journey times:

在不增加行车时间的前提下，可通过以下三项措施革新交通方式，促进交通可持续发展：

Better land use planning: The least dense cities, for example Houston, have per capita carbon emissions nearly ten times higher than the densest, such as Singapore. City planners are using transit-oriented development[4] to increase density while maintaining quality of life and property value. This involves clustering mixed use developments[5] around a key transport hub[6], as with the KL Sentral[7] area in Kuala Lumpur, built around the largest railway station in Southeast Asia.

合理规划土地：人口最稀少的城市（如休斯敦），其人均碳排放量是人口最稠密城市（如新加坡）的近10倍。因而城市规划人员坚持公共交通导向型发展，以提高城市密度，同时维持生活质量，稳定房产价值。这也就意味着，需在主要交通枢纽附近打造多用途建筑群，如吉隆坡的中环广场就建在东南亚最大的火车站周边。

[4] transit-oriented development以公共交通为导向的发展模式，指以公交站点为中心、以400—800m（5—10分钟步行路程）为半径建立集工作、商业、文化、教育、居住等为一体的中心广场或城市中心。  

[5] mixed use development混合功能发展，指将居住、商业、文化、机构和工业等功能融合在一起的城市发展模式。  

[6] hub中枢；枢纽。  

[7] =Kuala Lumpur Sentral吉隆坡中环广场。位于中环广场的吉隆坡中央车站（又称吉隆坡中环广场站）是吉隆坡主要的公共交通枢纽。

Modal shift: Some cities, such as Delhi, are investing heavily in creating the mass transit systems needed to change how citizens travel. Others are using incentives and behavioural change to encourage people to choose more efficient―and often healthier―forms of transport. Copenhagen has a number of progressive cycling policies including the Green Wave[8], which allows people cycling at 20km/h to hit all green lights during rush hour. This supports commuting at a speed that keeps traffic moving, but is safe for the cyclist.

转变出行模式：包括德里在内的诸多城市正大力投资公共运输系统，改变市民出行方式。另一些城市正在通过建立奖励机制和引导行为转变，鼓励人们选择更高效、更健康的交通方式。哥本哈根已采取了若干积极政策，鼓励市民骑车出行。他们出台了“绿波”计划，即高峰时段骑车保持20公里的时速即可畅享一路绿灯。如此既能确保交通顺畅，也保证了骑车人的安全。

[8] Green Wave绿波，指在通向城市中心的干道上，通过区域协调交通信号控制系统，形成连续的交通流。  

Making existing transport modes more efficient: Lightweighting and new engine and fuel technologies are helping to make existing road and rail vehicles more efficient. However it is not yet clear which technologies and fuels cities will back. The main options are hydrogen fuel cells, fossil fuel hybrids, and electric vehicles, and the optimum solution may well vary from city to city. Many options require city-level investment in new infrastructure―for example the city of Gumi in South Korea is currently piloting a scheme that embeds[9] wireless charging for electric buses within the roads, helping to recharge vehicles on the move.

提高现有交通模式效率：轻量化、新型引擎以及燃料技术正在提高现有的道路和轨道交通的效率。不过，城市将采用何种技术、何种燃料尚无定论。目前主流选择包括氢燃料电池、油气混动和电动车辆等，各城市可因地制宜。很多方案都要求城市投资建设全新的基础设施，如韩国的龟尾市正在实行试点，为给电动公交车充电而在道路中嵌入无线充电装置，实现不停车充电。

[9] embed牢牢嵌入。

There are already some great examples of cities taking significant steps in creating sustainable transport systems. In Manila the Asian Development Bank is aiming to roll out 100,000 e-trikes[10] to replace current fossil fuel versions, which is not just good for the environment and health, but increases take-home pay for drivers by around 15%.

目前，许多城市在打造可持续交通系统方面取得了重大进展，提供了良好范例。亚洲开发银行计划在马尼拉投放10万台电动三轮车，替代现有的化石燃料车辆。此举不仅有利于环保与健康，还可将司机实得收入提高15%左右。

[10] e-trike电动三轮车。

Hangzhou in China, which already has the world’s largest bike sharing scheme, has embraced the electric car. It is now installing multi-storey “vending machines” for ultra-compact electric cars[11], with a 75 mile range and costing just $3 an hour. There are around 50 of these in the city today and plans for many more. The city also has battery swapping facilities for around 500 electric taxis.

中国的杭州已是世界上最大的共享单车之城，也迎来了电动汽车时代。该市正在建造微型电动汽车立体租赁站，该类型电动汽车续航里程为75英里，成本每小时仅3美元。目前已建成50个站点，计划建造更多。此外，杭州还推出了换电系统，可为500多辆电动出租车快速更换电池。

[11] 微型电动汽车立体租赁站，提供分时租赁服务。ultra compact指电动车外形迷你。

The global need to cut carbon emissions and air pollution, at the same time as improving human development, has created the demand for sustainable and accessible transport systems. Through their actions, city governments are helping to shape the cities of the future, today.           

减少碳排放、降低空气污染，同时促进人类发展是全球共同需要，这也要求我们发展畅达的可持续交通系统。全球各城市政府部门正行动起来，打造未来的城市。

          （译者单位：中南大学外国语学院）

（选自《英语世界》2017年第8期）

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