M君分享丨即兴合成词与英语中的省略、汉语中的重复
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即兴合成词多见于新闻之中，当新闻报道追求独特新颖从而吸引眼球时，往往常用的手法就是使用即兴合成词。在英译汉中，当英语原文为了避免重复而利用语法进行省略时，译者在翻译成中文时往往需要将省略的部分补齐，这就构成了汉语的重复。今天，就让我们一起来学习一下即兴合成词与英语中的省略、汉语中的重复这两大翻译技巧吧！
Day Day Up
一、即兴合成词
新闻的语言在于清晰、简洁和生动。记者在遣词造句时，往往追求“人无我有，人有我新”，以增强新闻报导的可读性，其中一个较为常用的手法就是使用即兴合成词，即使用连字符把通常不搭配在一起的词合成一个词，用作定语。采用这种手法构成的词，结构新颖，引人注目。同时也把后置定语转换为前置定语，从而使句子更为简洁。在上周的英译汉练习中，就有即兴合成词的存在，例如：
bleach-haired(染着白发的): bleached-haired midfielder Kim Nam 11 = midfielder KimNam Il whose hair was bleached
post-goal(进球得分后卫的): his post-goal showboating = the showboating gesture. which he made after he scored the goal
star-studded(群星璀璨的): a star-studded side from Portugal = a Portugal team studded with stars
do-or-die(生死较量的): a do-or-die match = a match after which one either survives or dies
beer-soaked(浸浴在啤酒中的，举杯狂欢的): the beer-soaked crowds = the crowds that were soaked in beer
oft-contentious(经常有矛盾的，矛盾不断的): its oft-contentious ally = the ally that is often contentious
常见的例子还有：
oil-producing(出产石油的): oil-producing Arab countries = Arab countries that produce oil出产石油的阿拉伯国家，阿拉伯石油生产国
agreed-upon(达成一致的): an agreed-upon standard = a standard which has been agreed upon达成一致的标准，一致同意的标准
person-to-person(面对面的) : person-to-person contacts = contacts that are made person to person面对面的接触，当面接触
by-no-means(绝不): a by-no-means negligible role = a role that can by no means be neglected绝不可忽视的作用
turned-on(被激活的，吊起胃口的，激动的): turned-on audience = the audience that is turned on激动的观众
on-the-spot(现场的，实地的): on-the-spot investigation = the investigation that is done on the spot实地调查
do-it-yourself(自助式的，常缩写为DIY): a do-it-yourself repair = a repair that is done by yourself自助修理
二、英语的省略与汉语的重复
英语和汉语都有省略现象。英语多按语法形式省略以避免重复，多省略所有格、形容词和介词后面的名词，助动词、不定式后面的动词，系动词后面的表语，主谓一致时的主语或谓语等。译为汉语时，这些省略掉的词语往往要补上，这就构成了汉语的重复。例如：
1) Football is about ego, [...] respect, [...] national pride. (省略介词about)
足球事关自我、事关尊严、事关民族自尊。
2) When the country [South Korea] won the right to co-host the World Cup, it saw a chance to showcase itself--particularly to Japan, its neighbor, and [...] the U.S. , its oft-contentious ally. (省略介词to)
当韩国获得世界杯的合办权时，它找到了一个展示自己实力的机会，尤其是向其邻国日本，以与其矛盾不断的盟国美国展示的机会。
3) Histories make men wise; poets [...] witty; the mathematics [...] subtle; natural philosophy [...] deep; moral [...] grave; logic and rhetoric [...] able to contend. (省略动宾结构make men)
读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩。
4) Reading maketh a full man; conference [...] a ready man; and writing [...] an exact man.(省略动词maketh)
读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。
反之，汉语行文重重复，英语忌重复，所以汉译英时，汉语中重复的词语常常要省略掉。例如：
5) 1984年，国际奥委会主席萨马兰奇表示，国际奥委会不仅希望看到中国主办1990年亚运会，更希望中国主办奥运会。
In 1984, IOC President Samaranch said the IOC would like to see China host not only the 1990 Asian Games but also the Olympic Games.
6) 1991年至2001年，北京共筹备了两次申奧工作，一次为2000年奥运会，另一次则为2008年奥运会。
During 1991 and 2001, Beijing made two Olympic bids, one for 2000 [...] and the other for 2008 [...].
7) 野心不仅是罪恶的根源，也是毁灭的根源。
Ambition is the mother of destruction as well as [...] of evil.
8) 要顺应自然工作，不要违反自然工作。
Work with, and not [...] against, nature.
9) 你想去就去。
You may go if you wish to (go).
10) 老年人如夕照，少年人如朝阳；老年人如瘠牛，少年人如乳虎；老年人如僧，少年人如侠；老年人如字典，少年人如戏文；老年人如鸦片烟，少年人如白兰地酒；老年人如别行星之陨石，少年人如大海洋之珊瑚岛；老年人如埃及沙漠之金字塔，少年人如西伯利亚之铁路；老年人如秋后之柳，少年人如春间之草；老年人如死海之潴为泽，少年人如长江之初发源...(梁启超《少年中国说》)
The old man is like the setting sun; the young man, [...] the morning sun. The old man is like a lean ox; the young man, [...] a cub tiger. The old man is like a monk; the young man, [...] a knight. The old man is like a dictionary; [...] the young man,the text of a play. The old man is like opium; the young, [...] brandy. The old man is like a shooting star; the young man, [...] a coral island. The old man is like the pyramid of Egypt; the young man, [...] the Siberian railroad. The old man is like the willow after autumn; the young man, [...] the grass in spring. The old man is like the dead sea that turns into a lake; the young man, [...] the source of the Yangtze River...
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