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双语 | 2020年12月热词汇总

关注我们👉 广州策马翻译 2022-10-02

2020十二月热词汇总

*信息来源:China Daily



固体废物

solid waste


China will ban all imports of solid waste from Jan 1, 2021, authorities have said.The dumping, stacking and disposal of waste products from overseas on Chinese territory will also be banned, according to the notice.


《公告》明确,从2021年1月1日起,我国将全面禁止进口固体废物,禁止我国境外的固体废物进境倾倒、堆放、处置。

进口固体废物(imported solid waste),有时也被称为洋垃圾(foreign garbage),有时又特指以走私、夹带等方式进口国家禁止进口的固体废物(banned solid waste smuggled into China)或未经许可擅自进口属于限制进口的固体废物。


上世纪80年代,我国开始进口固体废物作为一种原材料的来源(import solid waste as a source of raw materials)。多年来,尽管国内的垃圾处理能力较弱(a weak capacity in garbage disposal),我国一直是全球最大的固体废物进口国。近年来,部分企业为获利,非法将洋垃圾(foreign garbage)运入国内,对环境和公众健康造成威胁(pose a threat to the environment and public health)。


2017年7月18日,中国正式通知世界贸易组织,从2017年年底开始将不再接收外来垃圾,包括废弃塑胶(plastic waste)、纸类(paper waste)及纺织品(fabrics)等。



禁塑令

plastics ban


Disposable plastic bags and tableware that are non-degradable have been banned from production, sale and use starting Tuesday in China's island province of Hainan.
12月1日起,海南省全面禁止一次性不可降解塑料袋、塑料餐饮具等用品的生产、销售及使用。

在有关“禁塑令”的报道中,我们经常会看到disposable这个词。


Disposable表示“designed to be used once or only a limited number of times and then thrown away(使用一次或限定的次数之后就可以丢弃的)”,用来形容塑料袋(plastic bags)等制品,多表示“一次性的”,与single-use意思类似。


此外disposable还可以表示“可自由支配的”,比如国家统计局发布的统计数据中经常会有一项是“人均可支配收入”就是per capita disposable income,指的就是扣除各项税金以及社保缴费后,居民真正拿到手可以自由支配的那部分收入。



二维码互通

mutual acceptance of QR code


12月1日起,北京、上海地铁乘车二维码实现互联互通。


The service, effective on Tuesday, allows the QR code on the respective apps in Beijing and Shanghai to be accepted for payments in the subway system of both cities.
自12月1日起,北京和上海的地铁乘车二维码均可用于两市地铁系统票款支付。

英语中关于“地铁”的词汇包括subway、metro、underground、the tube等,到底用哪个更合适主要取决于你身在何处


Subway多见于美式英语,由sub(在...之下)+way(道路)组合而成,表示“在路面之下运行的线路”,符合美式英式简单直白的特点。


Metro这个词来源于法语métropolitain,1900年,法国巴黎第一条地铁就叫metropolitan railroad,之后简称为metro,并被吸收进英语词汇,目前世界上很多城市的地铁都叫metro。


Underground多见于英式英语,但是因为大部分线路都在地下隧道中运行,所以英国人一般都会把地铁称为“the tube”。值得一提的是,美式英语中表示“地铁”的subway在英式英语中却表示“地下通道”,这一点可不要忽略哦。



离婚冷静期

cooling-off period


《中华人民共和国民法典》将于2021年1月1日起正式施行,其中新增的“离婚冷静期”受到网民关注。


Under the Civil Code, which comes into effect on Jan 1, couples will have a 30-day cooling-off period after handing their divorce application to the civil affairs department. During the period, either party can withdraw the application.
《中华人民共和国民法典》将于2021年1月1日起正式施行,其中规定,夫妻双方在向民政部门提交离婚申请后,要经历30天“冷静期”,在此期间,任何一方可撤回申请。


After 30 days, if both parties still insist on divorce, they should proceed to the civil affairs department in person and ask for the issuance of their divorce certificates. Otherwise, they will be treated as having withdrawn the application.
三十天后,如果双方仍然坚持要离婚,双方要共同亲自到婚姻登记机关申请离婚证,而其间双方没有共同亲自到场申请离婚证的,即视为撤回离婚登记申请。



生物识别信息

personal bioinformation


天津市人大常委会于近日表决通过了《天津市社会信用条例》(以下简称《条例》)。该《条例》将自2021年1月1日起实施,这也是全国首个公开禁止采集人脸识别信息的法规。


North China's Tianjin municipality will prohibit businesses and institutes from collecting personal bioinformation starting next year, amid heightened public concerns over the uncontrolled use of facial recognition, now employed in mobile payment, test-taking, and even public restrooms.
华北地区的天津市将从明年起禁止企业事业单位等收集个人生物信息。人脸识别如今已被广泛应用于移动支付、考试甚至公共卫生间等场所,这种无序使用状况引发公众担忧。

这里的municipality指我国行政区划中的“直辖市”,完整的表述为 centrally administered municipality(中央直接管辖的城市),直辖市与省(provinces)、自治区(autonomous regions)相当,省、自治区内的其他城市我们多用city表示。


个人生物信息(personal bioinformation)通常包括指纹(fingerprints)、掌纹(palm prints)、虹膜(irises)、面部特征(facial patterns)、声音模式(voice patterns)以及DNA等信息。



发热诊室

fever clinics


In a bid to strengthen COVID-19 prevention and control measures, China's National Health Commission (NHC) has urged efforts to set up fever clinics in eligible township and community medical institutions.
为加强新冠肺炎防控措施,国家卫健委要求在有条件的乡镇卫生院和社区卫生服务中心设置发热诊室。

这里的clinic多指“a facility (as of a hospital) for diagnosis and treatment of outpatients”,即“诊治门诊患者的医疗机构”,而在大学、监狱、游轮等场所设置的“医务室”则多用infirmary表示,这个词表示“a place where sick people stay and are cared for in a school, prison, summer camp, etc”(学校、监狱、夏令营等场所用来照看病人的地方)。



珠穆朗玛峰最新高程

new height of Mount Qomolangma


The new height of Mount Qomolangma, the world's highest peak, is 8,848.86 meters, according to a joint announcement by China and Nepal on December 8. President Xi Jinping, exchanging letters with his Nepali counterpart Bidya Devi Bhandari, called Mount Qomolangma "an important symbol of the China-Nepal traditional friendship."
12月8日,国家主席习近平同尼泊尔总统班达里互致信函,共同宣布世界最高峰珠穆朗玛峰的最新高程为8848.86米。习近平指出,珠穆朗玛峰是中尼两国世代友好的重要象征。



侵犯他人隐私

invasion of others' privacy


12月9日,四川省成都市公安局成华区分局通过其官方微博发布通报称,泄露成都确诊女孩信息男子已被行政处罚。


The Chenghua branch of Chengdu's public security bureau said in a statement that the man surnamed Wang posted a picture on social media containing identity information and travel records of a woman surnamed Zhao, who was confirmed as a COVID-19 patient on Tuesday. Police said Wang's invasion of others' privacy caused baleful effects in society.
成都市公安局成华区分局在通报中表示,这名王姓男子在社交媒体发布了一张内容涉及12月8日确认新冠肺炎患者赵姓女子个人身份信息以及行动轨迹的图片,严重侵犯他人隐私,造成不良社会影响。


这里的baleful属于GRE词汇,表示“凶恶的,有害的,恶毒的”等意思,除了上文中的baleful effect以外,还可以用来形容某个人的眼光,比如:Bill shot a baleful glance in her direction.(比尔朝她狠毒地瞥了一眼。)


Invasion of privacy表示“侵犯个人隐私”,也可以用privacy infringement表示。Invasion除了可以表示这种抽象意义上的“侵犯”,也经常用来表示具体的侵入或侵犯别国领土,比如:They are ready against the possible invasion.(他们防备可能的入侵。)



健康码互认

mutual recognition of health codes


All regional authorities should implement regulations and mechanism for mutual recognition of health codes in order to facilitate travel and cross-provincial mobility and achieve universal recognition of health codes nationwide, stressed the circular.
通知要求,各地要落实“健康码”信息互认机制和规则,切实方便人员出行和跨省流动,实现防疫“健康码”全国互认。



慕课

MOOCs


China is committed to further opening up its MOOC resources and sharing its quality education resources with other countries and regions, Education Minister Chen Baosheng said the conference. The country now ranks first globally in the number of MOOCs and viewers, he said.

教育部部长陈宝生表示,目前,中国慕课数量和应用规模已居世界第一。他指出,中国致力于进一步开放其慕课资源,并与其他国家和地区共享优质教育资源。


The unique advantages of MOOCs and online education have been leveraged to promote educational equity and sharing of quality educational resources so that everyone can learn whenever and wherever they want, Chen said.
慕课和在线教育的独特优势得以充分利用来推动教育公平及优质教育资源共享,实现人人皆学、处处能学、时时可学。

Massive Open Online Courses(MOOC,大规模在线开放课程)也被称为“慕课”,最初指教师传统授课过程的电子版,现在,世界各地已经有了专门的MOOC平台,不少世界名校都开设了免费在线课程(online courses),课程内容多为视频形式,从几分钟到十几分钟不等,学生看完一部分后需答对相应的问题才能继续学习,学生之间还可在线进行讨论。此外,MOOC也有作业,deadline和期末考试,并由机器来打分,有些课程通过考试还可获得一张证书。


这里的leverage来源于lever(杠杆,读作/'li:və(r)/),可以用作动词或名词,表示“杠杆作用,优势;发挥杠杆作用,充分利用”等意思,比如:The union's size gave it leverage in the labor contract negotiations.(工会的规模使其在劳动合同谈判中具有优势)。He is shamelessly leveraging the system to his advantage.(他在无耻地利用系统的优势为他自己谋利。)



中国媒体十大流行语

Top 10 media buzzwords


2020年12月11日,国家语言资源监测与研究中心发布“2020年度中国媒体十大流行语”。本次发布的十大流行语依次为:


一、新冠肺炎 COVID-19

二、抗疫 the battle against COVID-19

三、复工复产 resumption of work and production

四、民法典 the Civil Code

五、网课 online classes

六、双循环 dual circulation

七、人类卫生健康共同体 

a global community of health for all

八、抗美援朝70周年 

the 70th anniversary of the Chinese People's Volunteers entering the Democratic People's Republic of Korea to fight in the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea

九、六稳六保 

ensure stability in 6 key areas and effectively meet 6 priorities


“六稳”是指稳就业、稳金融、稳外贸、稳外资、稳投资、稳预期(keep employment, the financial sector, foreign trade, foreign and domestic investments, and expectations stable)工作;


“六保”是指保居民就业、保基本民生、保市场主体、保粮食能源安全、保产业链供应链稳定、保基层运转(ensure security in job, basic living needs, operations of market entities, food and energy security, stable industrial and supply chains, and the normal functioning of primary-level governments)。


十、嫦娥五号 Chang'e 5 lunar probe



唯论文

overemphasizing the role of theses


Chinese education authority has required universities and colleges to rectify the problem of overemphasizing the role of theses in academic appraisals.


教育管理部门要求高校纠正在学术评价中过度强调论文的问题。



中国媒体十大新词语

Top 10 new words in media


12月16日,国家语言资源监测与研究中心发布“2020年度中国媒体十大新词语”。本次发布的十大新词语依次是:

一、复工复产 

resumption of work and production

二、新冠疫情 COVID-19 pandemic

三、无症状感染者 asymptomatic cases

四、方舱医院 makeshift hospitals

五、健康码 health QR code/health code

六、数字人民币 digital currency

七、服贸会 

China International Fair for Trade in Services, CIFTIS

八、双循环 dual circulation

九、天问一号 Tianwen 1

十、无接触配送 contactless delivery



嫦娥五号

Chang'e-5 mission


President Xi Jinping on Dec 17 congratulated the complete success of the Chang'e-5 mission that brings back the country's first samples collected from the moon. On behalf of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee, the State Council and the Central Military Commission (CMC), Xi, also general secretary of the CPC Central Committee and chairman of the CMC, extended warm congratulations and sincere greetings to all members who participated in the Chang'e-5 mission in a congratulatory message.
12月17日,嫦娥五号首次实现了我国地外天体采样返回。中共中央总书记、国家主席、中央军委主席习近平发来贺电,代表党中央、国务院和中央军委,向探月工程任务指挥部并参加嫦娥五号任务的全体同志致以热烈的祝贺和诚挚的问候。


As China's most complicated space project, the Chang'e-5 mission has achieved the extraterrestrial sampling and returning for the first time. It is another major achievement in overcoming difficulties by giving full play to the advantages of the new nationwide system, marking a great step forward in China's space industry. This will contribute to deepening the understanding of the origin of the moon and the evolution history of the solar system.
嫦娥五号任务作为我国复杂度最高、技术跨度最大的航天系统工程,首次实现了我国地外天体采样返回。这是发挥新型举国体制优势攻坚克难取得的又一重大成就,标志着中国航天向前迈出的一大步,将为深化人类对月球成因和太阳系演化历史的科学认知作出贡献。



人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录

Representative List of 

Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity


Tai Chi, a centuries-old martial art and now a popular form of exercise, was inscribed on the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity on Thursday evening (Beijing Time). Another honored entry is "Wangchuan ceremony and related practices for maintaining the sustainable connection between man and the ocean," which was nominated by China together with Malaysia.
北京时间12月17日晚,我国单独申报的“太极拳”、我国与马来西亚联合申报的“送王船——有关人与海洋可持续联系的仪式及相关实践”两个项目,列入联合国教科文组织人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录。

Inscribe这个词的本意是“雕、刻”,刻上去的文字一般会保留很长时间,所以这个词也有“写入、记录”之意,即to write, engrave, or print as a lasting record或者to enter on a list,常用的搭配除了上文中的inscribe something on something (as...)以外,还有inscribe something with...,比如:They inscribed the monument with the soldiers' names.(他们把战士们的名字刻在纪念碑上。)


根据联合国教科文组织的定义,非物质文化遗产(Intangible Cultural Heritage)包括口头传统(oral traditions), 表演艺术(performing arts), 社会惯例(social practices)仪式(rituals), 节日活动(festive events), 与本土或全球有关的知识及惯例(knowledge and practices concerning native and the universe)或者制作传统工艺品的知识和技能(the knowledge and skills to produce traditional crafts)



新馆病毒疫苗

COVID-19 vaccines


In a two-step vaccination drive, the COVID-19 vaccines will be given first to priority groups, including those engaged in handling imported cold-chain products and people working in exposed sectors such as port inspection and quarantine, ship pilotage, aviation, fresh market, public transport, medical treatment, and disease control, Cui Gang, an official with NHC's disease control department, said at a press conference.The vaccination program will also cover those who plan to work or study in countries and regions with medium or high risks of exposure to the virus, Cui added.


国家卫生健康委疾控局负责人崔钢介绍,我国目前接种的策略是按照“两步走”方案,第一步主要是针对部分重点人群开展接种,这些人群包括从事进口冷链、口岸检疫、船舶引航、航空空勤、生鲜市场、公共交通、医疗疾控等感染风险比较高的工作人员,以及前往中高风险国家或者地区去工作或者学习的人员。

关于“疫苗”的几个词,vaccine就是“疫苗”本身,vaccinate就是“注射疫苗、接种疫苗”这个动作,而其名词形式vaccination就是“接种疫苗”这件事。


动词inoculate在表示“接种(疫苗)”这个意思的时候与vaccinate是可以互换使用的,其名词形式是inoculation。不过inoculate还可以表示“灌输(思想)”,常用的搭配是inoculate someone with,比如:The teacher inoculated them with the idea that the individual can always make a difference in this world.(老师给他们灌输的思想是,个人是可以给这个世界带来改变的。)



盲盒

mystery boxes


Mystery boxes are gaining popularity in China, with the size of the toy's market expected to reach over 30 billion yuan by 2024, according to an industry report.
一份行业报告显示,盲盒在中国的受欢迎度不断攀升,预计到2024年,盲盒的市场规模将达到300亿元。

“盲盒”,在英语中可以用mystery boxesmystery toy boxes表示,里面装的通常是动漫、影视作品的周边,或者是设计师单独设计出来的玩偶(collectible figures)。之所以叫“盲盒”,是因为消费者在购买的时候看不到里面装的是哪一款(the packaging doesn't allow buyers to see what's inside),只有在打开之后才能看到。



食品浪费

food waste


12月22日,反食品浪费法草案提请十三届全国人大常委会第二十四次会议审议,为治理“舌尖上的浪费”建章立制。


Catering service providers may face a fine ranging from 1,000 yuan to 10,000 yuan if they encourage or mislead consumers into ordering excessive quantities of food which causes waste, and refuse to rectify the problem after being warned by market supervision departments, according to the draft law.
草案规定,餐饮服务提供者诱导、误导消费者超量点餐造成明显浪费的,由市场监督管理部门给予警告,拒不改正的,处一千元以上一万元以下罚款。


The draft law requires catering service providers to guide consumers to order food in accordance with their actual needs. Their menus should include more information and offer different dish sizes, it said.
草案要求餐饮服务提供者引导消费者按需适量点餐,菜单应提供更多菜品信息及不同规格选择。


Catering service providers can ask consumers who waste too much food to pay a fee based on the amount of their leftovers, it said.
餐饮服务提供者可以根据剩菜量对消费者收取相应费用。

这里的leftover用作名词,表示“剩饭菜”,如果用形容词形式来表示就是leftover food。


其实leftover这个词来源于动词短语leave over,表示“遗留,留下(以后再用)”,比如:leave this pie over for tomorrow(这个派留着明天吃),换成被动语态就是we can have the pie left over from yesterday(我们可以吃昨天剩下的派)。



平均身高

average height

12月23日,国务院新闻办就《中国居民营养与慢性病状况报告(2020年)》有关情况举行发布会。


As the nation's economy and power continue to grow, Chinese people are getting taller, but they are also putting on weight at a worrisome rate, according to the report.
报告指出,随着我国经济和实力的增长,居民身高持续增长,但体重也以令人忧心的速度增加。



刑法修正案

amendment to the Constitution

12月26日,十三届全国人大常委会第二十四次会议表决通过刑法修正案(十一),共48条,针对低龄未成年人犯罪、知识产权侵权等问题,对刑法作出修改完善。


The amendment stipulates heavier criminal penalties for IPR infringements, raising the maximum prison term for trademark and copyright infringements from seven years to 10 years. The amendment also lowers the minimum age of criminal responsibility to 12 for severe crimes such as murder.
刑法修正案针对侵犯知识产权的犯罪行为规定了更加严格的处罚,将商标及知识产权侵权行为的最高刑期由7年提高至10年。同时,修正案将谋杀等严重犯罪行为的刑事责任年龄降低至12岁。

这里的IPR是intellectual property rights的缩写形式,即“知识产权”,最近几年很火的“IP”概念是intellectual property的缩写。IP可以是一个故事,一种形象,一件艺术品,一种流行文化,更多的是指适合二次或多次改编开发的影视文学、游戏动漫等作品。IP剧,是指在有一定粉丝数量基础上的国产原创网络小说、游戏、动漫为题材创作改编而成的影视剧。



京雄城际铁路 

Beijing-Xiong'an intercity railway

The Beijing-Xiong'an intercity railway opened to traffic on Dec 27, connecting the Chinese capital with the Xiong'an New Area. The railway is 91 kilometers long and has a maximum design speed of 350 kilometers per hour. Passengers can take high-speed trains from Beijing West Railway Station directly to Xiong'an New Area with the shortest commuting time at 50 minutes. The journey between Beijing Daxing International Airport and Xiong'an will be about 19 minutes.


北京至雄安新区城际铁路(京雄城际铁路)12月27日全线开通运营。线路全长91公里,最高设计时速350公里。北京西站至雄安新区间最快旅行时间50分钟,大兴机场至雄安新区间最快19分钟可达。



教育惩戒

school discipline

教育部制定的《中小学教育惩戒规则(试行)》12月29日颁布,2021年3月1日起实施。


In its first official guideline on teachers' rights to discipline students, the Ministry of Education said primary and secondary school teachers have the authority to hand out punishment and clarified the kinds of punishment not allowed.
教育部第一次以部门规章的形式对教育惩戒做出规定,规定中小学教师和学校可以对学生实施的教育惩戒方式,同时明确了教师实施惩戒过程中被禁止的行为。

《规则》对教育惩戒(school discipline)的定义是“学校、教师基于教育目的,对违规违纪学生进行管理、训导或者以规定方式予以矫治(manage, discipline or correct the students who break rules and regulations),促使学生引以为戒、认识和改正错误的教育行为”,明确教育惩戒不是惩罚(discipline is not punishment),而是教育的一种方式。


根据程度轻重,《规则》将教育惩戒分为一般教育惩戒、较重教育惩戒和严重教育惩戒三类。

一般教育惩戒适用于违规违纪情节轻微的学生,包括点名批评(named and shamed)、做口头或者书面检讨(make oral or written apology)、增加额外教学或者班级公益服务任务(do extra homework or classroom chores)、一节课堂教学时间内的教室内站立(stand in the classroom for one class period)、课后教导(receive after-school discipline)等;



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