M君分享丨替代、重复与倍数表达法
大家好，我是M君，一个集经验
与才华于一身的良心小编。
上周的翻译技巧分享中我们学习了英语中的省略和汉语中的重复，本周M君带来的是在翻译中英语常用的替代结构与对应的汉语中重复。通过这两周的翻译技巧的学习，相信同学们能够对中英文语法和风格上的差别有更深刻的认识。同时，M君还带来了翻译中容易混淆的倍数表达法的总结，一起来跟M君学习一下吧！
Day Day Up
(1) 替代与重复
在上周的笔译技巧分享中提到，在英语中省略的成份，在汉语中往往要用重复的方法补全。英语与汉语的另一个重要差异是：英语中除了修辞需要外，很少重复同一个词或结构，而在汉语中重复现象比比皆是。英语中往往使用代词、同义词、近义词以及代替句型等来替代前文出现过的词语和结构，而汉语则倾向于使用相同的词语或结构呼应前文出现过的词语或结构。句子层面如此，段落层面同样如此。因此，在英汉互译时必须特别注意这一点。
英语中的替代结构主要有代词，替代代词so，替代动词do等。英语往往用代词来替代上文刚出现过的名词，而汉语则更习惯于重复名词。英语中的代动词及代动词词组，如do，do so，do it等，往往用重复法译成汉语的动词。另外，英语中的替代句型，如if so，so + do +主语等，也通常用重复法译成汉语。例如：
1) He hated failure; he had conquered it all his life, risen above it, despised it in others.
他讨厌失败，他一生中曾战胜失败，超越失败，并且藐视别人的失败。
2) Happy families also had their own troubles.
幸福的家庭也有幸福家庭的苦恼。
3) Despite the economic importance of livestock operations to Canada, relatively few studies have examined how they could be impacted by climate change.
家畜业对加拿大经济举足轻重，但是，有关气候变化对家畜业影响的研究却相对不足。
4) We all know that dogs and cats do not have histories , while human beings do.
众所周知，狗和猫没有历史，而人类则有。
5) "By the way," he added, "have you any free time this afternoon? If so, why don't you have tea in the lighthouse?"
“顺便问一下，”他接着说道，“你今天下午有空吗?如果有空，为什么不去灯塔里喝杯茶呢?”
6) For example , large numbers of chicken deaths are commonly reported in the United States during heat waves. Heat stress also adversely affects milk production, meat quality and dairy cow reproduction.
译文：例如，热浪来袭时，美国经常有大批小鸡死亡的报道。热浪对牛奶生产、肉制品质量以及奶牛繁殖也很不利。
说明：英语出现了“heat wave”和“heat stress”两种表达方法，但译成汉语则都使用“热浪”一词。
反之，汉语的句子各语篇中重复的词语和结构译成英语时则往往需要用代词等其他词语或结构来替代。例如：
7) 独自享乐是一种愉快，独自忧伤也是一种愉快。
Happiness enjoyed alone is a pleasure, so is sorrow tasted privately.
8) 钢琴呢？钢琴怎么不见了？抓小偷！有人把钢琴给偷走了。三弦兄，是不是有人把钢琴给偷走了？
Where is the piano? How come it's gone? Stop thief! The piano has been stolen.Sanxian, has it been stolen?
9) 何首乌藤和木莲藤缠络着，木莲有莲房一般的果实，何首乌有臃肿的根。
Milkwort interwove with climbing fig, which had fruit shaped like the calyx of a lotus,while the milkwort had swollen tubers.
10) 五四运动是反帝国主义的运动，又是反封建主义的运动。五四运动的杰出的历史意义，在于它带着为辛亥革命还不曾有的姿态，这就是彻底地不妥协地反帝国主义和彻底地不妥协地反封建主义。五四运动之所以有这种性质，是在当时中国的资本主义经济已有进一步的发展......，因而发生了中国民族解放的希望。五四运动是在当时世界革命号召之下，是在俄国革命号召之下，是在列宁号召之下发生的。五四运动是当时无产阶级革命的一部分。
译文: The May 4th Movement was an anti-imperialist as well as an anti-feudal movement. Its outstanding historical significance is to be seen in a feature which was absent from the Revolution of 1911, namely, its thorough and uncompromising opposition to imperialism as well as to feudalism. The May 4th Movement possessed this quality because capitalism had developed a step further in China... and because new hopes had risen for the liberation of the Chinese nation. The May 4th Movement came into being at the call of the world revolution, of the Russian Revolution and of Lenin. It was part of the world proletarian revolution of the time.
说明：汉语原文中“五四运动”重复了五遍，而英语译文中只用了三次，其余两次分别用Its和it所替代；第一句中重复的“运动”和第二句中重复的“彻底地不妥协地”两个词语均为as well as所替代；而第四句的后两个“号召之下”则干脆省略了。本例较典型地反映了汉英语篇的这个差异。
(2) 汉译英中倍数表示法
一、表示A是B的两倍，汉语通常说“A是B的两倍”或者“A比B大/多/增长/涨了一倍，增加了百分之一百或翻了一番”，在英语中通常有三种表达法：
1. A is + twice/two times + as + 形容词 +as B，例如：
1) 这座山的高度是那座山的两倍。
This mountain is twice/ two times as high as that one.
2) 本地区每公顷的水稻产量是那地区的两倍
The per-hectare yield of rice in this area is twice as much as in that area.
2. A is + twice + the + 名词 +of B。如上面两句可以改为：
This mountain is twice/ two times the height of that one.
The per-hectare yield of rice in this area is twice the amount of that in that area.
3. A + 动词double或increase by 100%。例如：
3) 和1990年相比，本地区的水稻产量翻了一番。
译文一：The per-hectare yield of rice in this area has doubled compared with what it was in 1990.
译文二：The per-hectare yield of rice in this area has increased by 100% , compared with what it was in 1990.
二、表示A是B的三倍，汉语通常说“A是B的三倍”或者“A比B大/多/增长/涨了两倍或增加了百分之二百”，在英语中通常有三种表达法：
1. A is three times/thrice as +形容词+as + B。例如：
4) 这座山是那座山的三倍高。
This mountain is three times as high as that one.
5) 这条街是那条街的三倍宽。
This street is three times as wide as that one.
2. A is three times/thrice + the + 名词 + of B。如上面两句也可译为：
This mountain is three times the height of that one.
This mountain is three times the width of that one.
3. 用to increase by 200%或动词treble。例如：
6) 本地区的水稻产量是1990年的三倍。
译文一：The per-hectare yield of rice in this area has trebled compared with what it was in 1990.
译文二：The per-hectare yield of rice in this area has increased by 200%, compared with what it was in 1990.
三、表示四倍以上的概念，汉语的方法与三位的表示法一样，但是英语中比上面多了“A is three times +比较级形容词 + than B”一种表示法。例如：
7) 地球的体积是月球的四十九倍。
译文一：The earth is 49 times as large as the moon.
译文二：The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.
译文三：The earth is 48 times larger than the moon.
8) 这座工厂的产量是原来的四倍。
译文一：The output of the factory is four times as much as what it used to be.
译文二：The output of the factory is four times the amount of what it used to be.
译文三：The output of the factory is three times greater than what it used to be.
译文四：The output of the factory has increased by 300%.
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