胡腾《一曲新歌》
乌尔利希·封·胡腾（德语：Ulrich von Hutten ，1488年－1523年）是德国人文主义和宗教改革运动中最热情最富有革命精神的战斗者。他生于富尔达的一个没落的骑士之家，曾在科隆、爱尔福特、莱比锡等地的大学学习。1515—1527年他先后去意大利，在罗马、波罗尼亚攻读法学。返国后进行反对教皇的活动。他认为教皇是德国一切灾难的根源。1521年他参加了骑士济金根领导的骑士起义，失败后逃到瑞士，受到瑞士人文主义学者茨温格利的保护，不久即客死苏黎士湖上的一个小岛。胡腾是德意志民族思想的先驱者，他的活动和斗争都是为了德意志祖国的自由和解放。胡腾的文学活动是他进行政治斗争和宗教斗争的组成部分。《蒙昧者书简》下部大都是由他撰写的。胡腾还写过多篇讲话、对话体的文章以及一些诗歌。在这些作品里，胡腾以一个革命政论家的姿态，抨击了宗教、领主、贵族们的残忍、野蛮。在题为《法拉利斯主义》的对话里，胡腾让希腊神话中的使者麦尔库尔把镇压“穷苦康拉德”起义的刽子手威腾堡公爵领入地狱。在那里他遇到历史上的一些暴君，如梯伯留斯、卡利古拉、尼禄等人会面，并向他们求教。胡腾的语言准确有力，通俗易懂，力求形象具体，他把“诚实，不务浮华”作为自己写作的信条。他用拉丁文和德文写的著作在民间流传很广。
胡腾《一曲新歌》
我深思熟虑，敢作敢为
不会为此而悔恨
即使所谋不遂
依旧显现忠诚
我竭尽全力
并非为我自己
如果大家能辨认
是为了整个德国
即使把我称作
神甫的敌人。
我尽可以让人撒谎
随心所欲地直言
如果隐瞒了真相
有人和善地咏赞
如今我说出了真相
却成了驱赶我的罪状
我向所有正直的人诉冤
我是极其
不愿远远遁去
总有一天将会重返。
我不愿乞求宽恕
因为我毫无责任
倘若我在判决前屈服
敌人也不会容忍
他们会阻止人们
遵照旧有的习惯
倾听我的申辩
困境将他们紧逼
如此来行事
这点是上帝的意愿。
这类事情如今
也发生在这里
强者常常
输掉极好的牌戏
大火往往是
由火星引起
天知道我是否估计恰当
竞赛业已开始
我压上的是
不胜则亡。
我可以问心无愧地
自我慰藉
尽管恶人心怀歹意
也不能毁坏我的名誉
也无法扬言
我只有一次
以别的方式
追求荣誉
此事业已
顺利开始。
我曾多次警告
你们这个虔信的民族
不愿自己劝告
从灾害中恢复
为此我颇感可惜
惜惜地退避
为了更好地洗牌
我并不气馁
我敢作敢为
将期待到最后。
不论奸诈的教皇亲信
是否会把我迫害
抱定正确信念的心
也不丧失勇气
我知道还有许多人
也想参加游戏
情愿把生命也献上
起来!勇敢的战士
拿出骑士的勇气
不要让胡腾灭亡!
Ulrich von Hutten, (born April 21, 1488, near Fulda, Abbacy of Fulda—died August 29?, 1523, near Zürich), Franconian knight and humanist, famed as a German patriot, satirist, and supporter of Martin Luther’s cause. His restless, adventurous life, reflecting the turbulent Reformation period, was occupied with public and private quarrels, pursued with both pen and sword.
As a supporter of the ancient status of the knightly order (Ritterstand), Ulrich looked back to the Middle Ages, but, as a writer, he looked forward, employing the new literary forms of the humanists in biting Latin dialogues, satirizing the pretensions of princes, the papacy, Scholasticism, and obscurantism. He was the main contributor to the second volume of the Epistolae obscurorum virorum (1515–17; “Letters of Obscure Men”), a famous attack on monkish life and letters. As a patriot, he envisioned a united Germany and after 1520 wrote satires in German. His vigorous series of satiric pamphlets on Luther’s behalf, which first were published in Latin, were subsequently translated into German in his Gesprächbüchlein (1522; “Little Conversation Book”).
Ulrich joined the forces of Franz von Sickingen in the Knights’ War (1522) against the German princes. On the defeat of their cause, Ulrich fled to Switzerland, where he was refused help by his former friend Erasmus. Penniless and dying of syphilis, he was given refuge by Huldrych Zwingli.
The legend of Ulrich as a warrior for freedom has been much romanticized in German literature, notably by C.F. Meyer in Huttens letzte Tage (1871; “Hutten’s Last Days”).
The German imperial knight and humanist Ulrich von Hutten (1488-1523) advocated the dissolution of Germany's ties with the papacy. He advanced an unrealistic program, however, for solving German national problems by reversion to medieval knighthood and feudalism.
Ulrich von Hutten, born in a castle near Fulda in Hesse, was sent at age 11 to a monastery to become a Benedictine monk. After 6 years he escaped and led a vagabond life, attending four German universities. In Erfurt he befriended Crotus Rubianus and other humanists. He went to Italy, took service as a soldier, and attended universities, spending some time in Pavia and Bologna. In Germany he served in the imperial army (1512). Because of the death of a cousin, Hans, at the hands of Duke Ulrich of Württemberg, he published sharp Latin diatribes against the duke, which have been compared with the Philippics of Demosthenes and which brought him fame. In 1519 he played a part in the expulsion of the duke.
A second visit to Italy took Hutten to Bologna and Rome (1515-1517). In 1517 he was crowned poet laureate by Emperor Maximilian I in Augsburg for his Latin poems. His protector was Archbishop-Elector Albrecht of Mayence, at whose court he often appeared. In 1517 too he played a part in the defense of Johann Reuchlin against the Cologne Dominicans; he probably wrote the second part of the famous Epistolae obscurorum virorum. His Colloquia followed in 1518 (in German, 1520-1521). The bitter dialogues Vadiscus (1520), directed against the papacy, cost him the protection of Albrecht. His German work Aufwecker der teutschen Nation (1520; Arouser of the German Nation), which opens with his motto "Ich hab's gewagt" (I have dared to do it), was bold and forward-looking and announced his support of Martin Luther. The hostility aroused by this work forced him to flee to Basel.
In Basel, Hutten hoped to find help from Erasmus, but the two humanists soon feuded. His dream of enlisting Luther and the unsuccessful freedom fighter Franz von Sickingen in his struggle for a stronger, independent empire also failed, as did attempts to interest Maximilian and his successor, Charles V. Efforts to war against the Catholic clergy had degenerated into a robber-baron adventure. In Switzerland, Huldreich Zwingli took an interest in him and sheltered him on the island of Ufenau in Lake Zurich, where Hutten died in 1523.
Ulrich von Hutten
Ulrich von HuttenBorn: 21-Apr-1488
Birthplace: Fulda, Germany
Died: 29-Aug-1523
Location of death: Zürich, Switzerland
Cause of death: unspecified
Gender: Male
Religion: Protestant
Race or Ethnicity: White
Occupation: Poet, Scholar
Nationality: Germany
Executive summary: Epistolae Obscurorum Virorum
Born on the 21st of April 1488, at the castle of Steckelberg, near Fulda, in Hesse. Like Erasmus or Pirckheimer, he was one of those men who form the bridge between Humanists and Reformers. He lived with both, sympathized with both, though he died before the Reformation had time fully to develop. His life may be divided into four parts: his youth and cloister-life (1488-1504); his wanderings in pursuit of knowledge (1504-15); his strife with Ulrich of Württemberg (1515-19); and his connection with the Reformation (1519-23). Each of these periods had its own special antagonism, which colored Hutten's career: in the first, his horror of dull monastic routine; in the second, the ill-treatment he met with at Greifswald; in the third, the crime of Duke Ulrich; in the fourth, his disgust with Rome and with Erasmus. He was the eldest son of a poor and not undistinguished knightly family. As he was mean of stature and sickly his father destined him for the cloister, and he was sent to the Benedictine house at Fulda; the thirst for learning there seized on him, and in 1505 he fled from the monastic life, and won his freedom with the sacrifice of his worldly prospects, and at the cost of incurring his father's undying anger. From the Fulda cloister he went first to Cologne, next to Erfurt, and then to Frankfurt-on-Oder on the opening in 1506 the new university of that town. For a time he was in Leipzig, and in 1508 we find him a shipwrecked beggar on the Pomeranian coast. In 1509 the university of Greifswald welcomed him, but here too those who at first received him kindly became his foes; the sensitive ill-regulated youth, who took the liberties of genius, wearied his burgher patrons; they could not brook the poet's airs and vanity, and ill-timed assertions of his higher rank. Wherefore he left Greifswald, and as he went was robbed of clothes and books, his only baggage, by the servants of his late friends; in the dead of winter, half starved, frozen, penniless, he reached Rostock. Here again the Humanists received him gladly, and under their protection he wrote against his Greifswald patrons, thus beginning the long list of his satires and fierce attacks on personal or public foes. Rostock could not hold him long; he wandered on to Wittenberg and Leipzig, and thence to Vienna, where he hoped to win the emperor Maximilian's favor by an elaborate national poem on the war with Venice. But neither Maximilian nor the University of Vienna would lift a hand for him, and he passed into Italy, where, at Pavia, he sojourned throughout 1511 and part of 1512. in the latter year his studies were interrupted by war; in the siege of Pavia by papal troops and Swiss, he was plundered by both sides, and escaped, sick and penniless, to Bologna; on his recovery he even took service as a private soldier in the emperor's army.
This dark period lasted no long time; in 1514 he was again in Germany, where, thanks to his poetic gifts and the friendship of Eitelwolf von Stein (d. 1515), he won the favor of the elector of Mainz, Archbishop Albert of Brandenburg. Here high dreams of a learned career rose on him; Mainz should be made the metropolis of a grand Humanist movement, the center of good style and literary form. But the murder in 1515 of his relative Hans von Hutten by Ulrich, Duke of Württemberg, changed the whole course of his life; satire, chief refuge of the weak, became Hutten's weapon; with one hand he took his part in the famous Epistolae obscurorum virorum, and with the other launched scathing letters, eloquent Ciceronian orations, or biting satires against the Duke. Though the emperor was too lazy and indifferent to smite a great prince, he took Hutten under his protection and bestowed on him the honor of a laureate crown in 1517. Hutten, who had meanwhile revisited Italy, again attached himself to the electoral court at Mainz; and he was there when in 1518 his friend Pirckheimer wrote, urging him to abandon the court and dedicate himself to letters. We have the poet's long reply, in an epistle on his way of life, an amusing mixture of earnestness and vanity, self-satisfaction and satire; he tells his friend that his career is just begun, that he has had twelve years of wandering, and will now enjoy himself a while in patriotic literary work; that he has by no means deserted the humaner studies, but carries with him a little library of standard books. Pirckheimer in his burgher life may have ease and even luxury; he, a knight of the empire, how can he condescend to obscurity? He must abide where he can shine.
In 1519 he issued in one volume his attacks on Duke Ulrich, and then, drawing sword, took part in the private war which overthrew that prince; in this affair he became intimate with Franz von Sickingen, the champion of the knightly order (Ritterstand). Hutten now warmly and openly espoused the Lutheran cause, but he was at the same time mixed up in the attempt of the "Ritterstand" to assert itself as the militia of the empire against the independence of the German princes. Soon after this time he discovered at Fulda a copy of the manifesto of the emperor Henry IV against Hildebrand, and published it with comments as an attack on the papal claims over Germany. He hoped thereby to interest the new emperor Charles V, and the higher orders in the empire, in behalf of German liberties; but the appeal failed. What Martin Luther had achieved by speaking to cities and common folk in homely phrase, because he touched heart and conscience, that the far finer weapons of Hutten failed to effect, because he tried to touch the more cultivated sympathies and dormant patriotism of princes and bishops, nobles and knights. And so he at once gained an undying name in the republic of letters and ruined his own career. He showed that the artificial verse-making of the Humanists could be connected with the new outburst of genuine German poetry. The Minnesinger was gone; the new national singer, a Luther or a Hans Sachs, was heralded by the stirring lines of Hutten's pen. These have in them a splendid natural swing and ring, strong and patriotic, though unfortunately addressed to knight and landsknecht rather than to the German people.
The poet's high dream of a knightly national regeneration had a rude awakening. The attack on the papacy, and Luther's vast and sudden popularity, frightened Elector Albert, who dismissed Hutten from his court. Hoping for imperial favor, he betook himself to Charles V; but that young prince would have none of him. So he returned to his friends, and they rejoiced greatly to see him still alive; for Pope Leo X had ordered him to be arrested and sent to Rome, and assassins dogged his steps. He now attached himself more closely to Franz von Sickingen and the knightly movement. This also came to a disastrous end in the capture of the Ebernberg, and Sickingen's death; the higher nobles had triumphed; the archbishops avenged themselves on Lutheranism as interpreted by the knightly order. With Sickingen Hutten also finally fell. He fled to Basel, where Erasmus refused to see him, both for fear of his loathsome diseases, and also because the beggared knight was sure to borrow money from him. A paper war consequently broke out between the two Humanists, which embittered Hutten's last days, and stained the memory of Erasmus. From Basel Ulrich dragged himself to Mülhausen; and when the vengeance of Erasmus drove him thence, he went to Zürich. There the large heart of Huldrych Zwingli welcomed him; he helped him with money, and found him a quiet refuge with the pastor of the little isle of Ufnau on the Zürich lake. There the frail and worn-out poet, writing swift satire to the end, died at the end of August or beginning of September 1523 at the age of thirty-five. He left behind him some debts due to compassionate friends; he did not even own a single book, and all his goods amounted to the clothes on his back, a bundle of letters, and that valiant pen which had fought so many a sharp battle, and had won for the poor knight-errant a sure place in the annals of literature.
Ulrich von Hutten is one of those men of genius at whom propriety is shocked, and whom the mean-spirited avoid. Yet through his short and buffeted life he was befriended, with wonderful charity and patience, by the chief leaders of the Humanist movement. For, in spite of his irritable vanity, his immoral life and habits, his odious diseases, his painful restlessness, Hutten had much in him that strong men could love. He passionately loved the truth, and was ever open to all good influences. He was a patriot, whose soul soared to ideal schemes and a grand utopian restoration of his country. In spite of all, his was a frank and noble nature; his faults chiefly the faults of genius ill-controlled, and of a life cast in the eventful changes of an age of novelty. A swarm of writings issued from his pen; at first the smooth elegance of his Latin prose and verse seemed strangely to miss his real character; he was the Cicero and Ovid of Germany before he became its Lucian.
His chief works were his Ars versificandi (1511); the Nemo (1518); a work on the Morbus Gallicus (1519); the volume of Steckelberg complaints against Duke Ulrich (including his four Ciceronian Orations, his Letters and the Phalarismus) also in 1519; the Vadismus (1520); and the controversy with Erasmus at the end of his life. Besides these were many admirable poems in Latin and German. It is not known with certainty how far Hutten was the parent of the celebrated Epistolae obscurorum virorum, that famous satire on monastic ignorance as represented by the theologians of Cologne with which the friends of Reuchlin defended him. At first the cloister-world, not discerning its irony, welcomed the work as a defense of their position; though their eyes were soon opened by the favor with which the learned world received it. The Epistolae were eagerly bought up; the first part (41 letters) appeared at the end of 1515; early in 1516 there was a second edition; later in 1516 a third, with an appendix of seven letters; in 1517 appeared the second part (62 letters), to which a fresh appendix of eight letters was subjoined soon after. In 1909 the Latin text of the Epistolae with an English translation was published by F. G. Stokes. Hutten, in a letter addressed to Robert Crocus, denied that he was the author of the book, but there is no doubt as to his connection with it. Erasmus was of opinion that there were three authors, of whom Crotus Rubianus was the originator of the idea, and Hutten a chief contributor. D. F. Strauss, who dedicates to the subject a chapter of his admirable work on Hutten, concludes that he had no share in the first part, but that his hand is clearly visible in the second part which he attributes in the main to him. To him is due the more serious and severe tone of that bitter portion of the satire. See W. Brecht, Die Verfasser der Epistolae obscurorum virorum (1904).
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