家长须知：运动、低糖、低盐饮食和体重达标可以预防90% 的儿童和青少年高血压

根据心脏健康专家在欧洲心脏病学会（ESC）杂志《欧洲心脏杂志》上发表的一篇共识论文，不运动、高糖高盐饮食和超重占儿童和青少年高血压病例的十分之九。该文件主要关注6至16岁儿童的高血压问题，建议家庭保持健康。

Inactivity, diets high in sugar and salt, and excess weight account for nine in ten cases of high blood pressure in children and adolescents, according to a consensus paper by heart health experts published today in European Heart Journal, a journal of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). The document, which focuses on hypertension in 6 to 16 year-olds, recommends that families get healthy together.

第一作者、意大利那不勒斯费德里科第二大学的乔瓦尼·德·西蒙尼教授说：“父母是促进儿童健康行为的重要因素。”。“通常情况下，高血压和/或肥胖症在同一个家庭中并存。”

"Parents are significant agents of change in the promotion of children's health behaviours," said first author Professor Giovanni de Simone of the University of Naples Federico II, Italy. "Very often, high blood pressure and/or obesity coexist in the same family."

治疗儿童高血压的饮食建议包括强调新鲜蔬菜、水果和其他高纤维食物，限制盐摄入量，避免含糖饮料和饱和脂肪。

Dietary recommendations for treating high blood pressure in children include emphasising fresh vegetables, fruits, and other high fibre foods, limiting salt intake, and avoiding sugar-sweetened drinks and saturated fat.

儿童和青少年应每天至少进行一小时中等至剧烈的体育活动，如慢跑、骑自行车或游泳，每天坐的时间不超过两小时。“家长应该监控孩子看电视或使用智能手机的时间”德西蒙尼教授说。

Children and adolescents should do at least one hour of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity every day, such as jogging, cycling or swimming, and spend no more than two hours a day on sedentary activities. "Parents should monitor the amount of time their children spend watching TV or using smartphones" said Professor de Simone.

该文件将儿童肥胖和高血压称为“隐性兄弟姐妹”，逐渐成为严重的健康危害。

The document refers to childhood obesity and hypertension as "insidious siblings" which gradually become a serious health hazard.

研究表明，儿童高血压正变得越来越普遍，肥胖，特别是腹部肥胖可以部分解释高血压的增加。

Studies have shown that childhood hypertension is becoming more common and that part of the increase can be explained by obesity, particularly abdominal obesity.

德西蒙内教授说：“儿童期高血压的增加令人非常担忧，因为它与成年期高血压和其他心血管问题的持续存在有关。”

Professor de Simone said: "The rise in childhood hypertension is of great concern as it is associated with persistence of hypertension and other cardiovascular problems during adulthood."

血压升高的早期诊断至关重要，因此可以通过生活方式和药物（如有必要）进行管理。即使医生或护士进行一次血压测量也可以确定患有高血压的儿童，但建议再次就诊确认。德西蒙内教授说：“不管症状如何，至少每年都应该在初级保健机构进行筛查。这是因为儿童高血压与成人一样，通常是无症状的。”

Early diagnosis of elevated blood pressure is crucial so that it can be managed with lifestyle and, if needed, medications. Even one blood pressure measurement by a doctor or nurse can identify children with high blood pressure, but a second visit is recommended for confirmation. Professor de Simone said: "Screening should be performed in the primary care setting at least yearly, regardless of symptoms. This is because hypertension in children, as in adults, is usually asymptomatic."

可能的症状包括头痛、流鼻血、眩晕、视力障碍、学习成绩差、注意力困难、呼吸短促、胸痛、心悸和晕倒。

possible symptoms including headache, nosebleeds, vertigo, visual impairment, low school performance, attention difficulties, shortness of breath, chest pain, palpitations and fainting.

Journal Reference:

Hypertension in children and adolescents. European Heart Journal, 2022; DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac328

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